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1":[18.5,25.1,23.1,7.5,0.2,0.0,0.1,2.5,11.1,21.1,21.4,22.3],"Bathroom 1":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Bedroom 2":[13.9,20.7,17.0,3.3,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.8,6.1,15.7,15.6,18.5],"Bathroom 2":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Bedroom 3":[13.9,20.2,16.5,3.2,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.8,5.9,15.4,15.5,18.7],"Kitchen":[52.1,51.0,47.2,17.2,1.4,0.0,0.7,7.4,30.4,46.6,52.1,56.8],"Outdoor bath":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Outdoor storage":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0]},"cooling_assumptions":{"setpoint_C":26.0,"COP":3.0,"tariff_BRL_per_kWh":1.0,"schedules":{"bedroom":"21:00-08:00","living":"14:00-23:00","kitchen":"08:00-21:00"},"electricity_kWh_year":1582,"cost_BRL_year":1582,"heating":{"enabled":false,"setpoint_C":20.0,"efficiency":0.9,"price_per_kWh":1.0,"fuel_kWh_year":0,"cost_year":0}},"construction_check":[{"item":"External wall heat transmittance U","scale":"wall_u","value":2.52,"unit":"W/m2K","limit":"<= 3.7","assumed_absorptance":0.45,"passes":true,"construction":"Ceramic hollow brick 8-hole 9x19x19 cm + 2 cm plaster both sides = 13 cm wall (standard Brazilian block)","item_pt":"Transmitância térmica U da parede externa","construction_pt":"Bloco cerâmico furado de 8 furos 9x19x19 cm + 2 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 13 cm (bloco padrão brasileiro)"},{"item":"External wall heat capacity","scale":"wall_ct","value":134.0,"unit":"kJ/m2K","limit":">= 130","assumed_absorptance":0.45,"passes":true,"construction":"Ceramic hollow brick 8-hole 9x19x19 cm + 2 cm plaster both sides = 13 cm wall (standard Brazilian block)","item_pt":"Capacidade térmica da parede externa","construction_pt":"Bloco cerâmico furado de 8 furos 9x19x19 cm + 2 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 13 cm (bloco padrão brasileiro)"},{"item":"Roof heat transmittance U (indicative)","scale":"roof_u","value":1.78,"unit":"W/m2K","limit":"<= 1.5","assumed_absorptance":0.7,"passes":false,"construction":"Clay tile + ventilated attic + 12 cm concrete slab ceiling","item_pt":"Transmitância térmica U da cobertura (indicativa)","construction_pt":"Telha cerâmica + sótão ventilado + laje de concreto de 12 cm"}],"design_days":{"hottest_day":"02 Feb","coldest_day":"19 Jul","hottest_day_iso":"2023-02-02","coldest_day_iso":"2023-07-19","outdoor_max_on_hottest_day_C":37.7,"outdoor_min_on_coldest_day_C":4.2},"scales":{"en":{"levels":{"4":{"name":"Excellent","color":"#2e9e5b"},"3":{"name":"Good","color":"#8bc34a"},"2":{"name":"Acceptable","color":"#f2c94c"},"1":{"name":"Poor","color":"#f2994a"},"0":{"name":"Bad","color":"#e74c3c"}},"neutral":"#9aa5b1","types":{"BR":"Brazilian norm","INT":"International standard","RULE":"Rule of thumb"},"sources":{"NBR15575-1_2013":"ABNT NBR 15575-1:2013 (Residential buildings - Performance), daylight and thermal requirements","NBR15575-1_2021":"ABNT NBR 15575-1:2021 + amendment (thermal performance by simulation vs. a reference house)","NBR15575-4_2021":"ABNT NBR 15575-4:2021 amendment draft (Mar 2021): simplified method for walls, ventilation, transparent areas","NBR15575-5_2021":"ABNT NBR 15575-5:2021 amendment draft: simplified method for roofs","NBR15220-3":"ABNT NBR 15220-3: Brazilian bioclimatic zoning and building guidelines (Maringa is generally listed in zone 3)","NBR5413":"ABNT NBR 5413:1992 (withdrawn in 2013 but still the usual Brazilian reference for HOME lighting levels)","NBR8995-1":"ABNT NBR ISO/CIE 8995-1:2013 (workplace lighting; reading/writing tasks 300-500 lx)","EN17037":"EN 17037:2018 Daylight in buildings (UK National Annex dwelling targets 100/150/200 lx; sunlight 1.5/3/4 h)","LM83":"IES LM-83-12 (sDA and ASE), as used by LEED v4.1","ASHRAE55":"ASHRAE 55 adaptive comfort model (80% / 90% acceptability)","NBR16401":"ABNT NBR 16401-2 (air conditioning, indoor comfort): summer zone about 22.5-25.5 C at 65% RH and 23-26 C at 35% RH","PASSIVHAUS":"Passive House Institute criterion: heating demand of at most 15 kWh per m2 per year","LEED41":"USGBC LEED v4.1, Daylight credit, Option 1 (simulation): sDA300/50% average of 40% / 55% / 75% = 1 / 2 / 3 points; ASE1000,250 above 10% needs a glare strategy (thresholds read on the LEEDuser v4.1 credit page)","LM83_23":"ANSI/IES LM-83-23 (published Feb 2023): spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) and annual sunlight exposure (ASE); LEED v4.1 still cites the 2012 edition, same two metrics","WHO":"WHO Housing and Health Guidelines 2018 (indoor temperature at least 18 C)","BEAUFORT":"WMO Beaufort wind scale","RULE":"Rule of thumb of this study (no norm gives a number)"},"scales":{"daylight_nbr_living":{"title":"Daylight at the centre of the room (NBR 15575 test)","unit":"lux","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"Natural light on a table-height plane (0.75 m) at the middle of the room, on 23 April and 23 October at 9:30 and 15:30 with a half-cloudy sky, lamps off. The lowest of the four readings counts. Applies to living rooms, bedrooms, kitchens and service areas.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":60,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Below the 60 lux minimum: you need a lamp even at midday."},{"lo":60,"hi":90,"label":"Minimum","level":2,"meaning":"Meets the legal minimum of the norm."},{"lo":90,"hi":120,"label":"Intermediate","level":3,"meaning":"Better than the minimum."},{"lo":120,"hi":null,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Top level of the norm."}],"note":"Our run uses the typical weather of the week around those dates and sky light only (no direct sun), so it is on the safe side."},"daylight_nbr_wet":{"title":"Daylight at the centre of the room (NBR 15575 test) - bathrooms, hallways, stairs, garages","unit":"lux","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"Same test as above, but for rooms where people do not stay long.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":30,"label":"No requirement","level":2,"meaning":"The norm does not require daylight here (minimum level: 'not required')."},{"lo":30,"hi":45,"label":"Intermediate","level":3,"meaning":"Meets the intermediate level."},{"lo":45,"hi":null,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Meets the superior level."}]},"sda_dwelling":{"title":"Share of the floor that reaches the home target light level","unit":"% of floor","type":"INT","sources":["EN17037"],"what":"Percentage of the room's floor that gets at least the target light (100 lux bedroom, 150 lux living room, 200 lux kitchen) from daylight alone, for at least half of the daytime hours (8:00-18:00).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":50,"label":"Below target","level":1,"meaning":"Less than half of the room reaches the target: lamps will be needed in the daytime."},{"lo":50,"hi":95,"label":"Meets target","level":3,"meaning":"At least half of the floor reaches the target for half of the day."},{"lo":95,"hi":null,"label":"Whole room","level":4,"meaning":"Practically the entire room reaches the target."}],"note":"EN 17037 asks for the target over at least 50% of the area for half of the daylight hours (+ a lower level over 95%)."},"sda300":{"title":"Spatial daylight autonomy sDA 300/50% (work-space standard)","unit":"% of floor","type":"INT","sources":["LM83"],"what":"Percentage of the floor with at least 300 lux of daylight for at least half of the occupied hours. 300 lux is a WORKING-light level, so this is a strict check: useful for a home office, kitchen or study; bedrooms and hallways are not expected to reach it.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":55,"label":"Below recommendation","level":1,"meaning":"Less than 55% of the floor reaches 300 lux for half of the day."},{"lo":55,"hi":75,"label":"Nominally acceptable","level":2,"meaning":"Accepted by the IES / LEED (55% or more)."},{"lo":75,"hi":null,"label":"Preferred","level":4,"meaning":"Preferred level (75% or more)."}]},"ase":{"title":"Annual sunlight exposure ASE (glare and overheating risk)","unit":"% of floor","type":"INT","sources":["LM83"],"what":"Percentage of the floor that receives strong direct sun (over 1000 lux) for more than 250 hours a year. High values mean glare, faded furniture and heat.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":3,"label":"Very low","level":4,"meaning":"Practically no harsh direct sun."},{"lo":3,"hi":10,"label":"Acceptable","level":3,"meaning":"Within the 10% limit used by IES / LEED."},{"lo":10,"hi":20,"label":"High","level":1,"meaning":"Above the 10% limit: consider curtains, blinds or an eave."},{"lo":20,"hi":null,"label":"Very high","level":0,"meaning":"Large area with long strong sun: glare and heat likely."}]},"lamps_off":{"title":"Daytime hours without needing lamps","unit":"% of 8:00-18:00 hours","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE","NBR5413"],"what":"Share of the daytime hours in which the room's average daylight already reaches the recommended general light level (see the lamp table), so the lights can stay off.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":10,"label":"Almost never","level":0,"meaning":"You will switch the lights on all day."},{"lo":10,"hi":25,"label":"Rarely","level":1,"meaning":"Lamps needed most of the day."},{"lo":25,"hi":50,"label":"Sometimes","level":2,"meaning":"Lamps needed on dull days and mornings / evenings."},{"lo":50,"hi":75,"label":"Often","level":3,"meaning":"Lamps mostly off during the day."},{"lo":75,"hi":null,"label":"Almost always","level":4,"meaning":"Lamps off nearly the whole day."}]},"sun_hours_window":{"title":"Direct sun on the window in early spring","unit":"hours/day","type":"INT","sources":["EN17037"],"what":"Hours of direct sun that reach the room's windows on a typical day in early spring: 1 August to 21 September in the southern hemisphere, 1 February to 21 March in the northern one (the EN 17037 dates). Sun in winter / early spring is welcome for health and warmth.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":1.5,"label":"Below minimum","level":1,"meaning":"Less than 1.5 h of sun: the room feels sunless."},{"lo":1.5,"hi":3,"label":"Minimum","level":2,"meaning":"Meets the EN 17037 minimum (1.5 h)."},{"lo":3,"hi":4,"label":"Medium","level":3,"meaning":"Meets the EN 17037 medium level (3 h)."},{"lo":4,"hi":null,"label":"High","level":4,"meaning":"Meets the EN 17037 high level (4 h)."}],"note":"EN 17037 asks this for at least one main room (preferably the living room); bathrooms and hallways are exempt."},"vent_effective":{"title":"Openable window area for ventilation","unit":"% of floor area","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021"],"what":"Area of windows that can really open (glass, frames and fixed leaves are discounted), divided by the floor area of the room. Zones 1-7 need at least 7%.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":7,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Less than the 7% minimum of the norm (unless the city's building code says otherwise)."},{"lo":7,"hi":10,"label":"Meets minimum","level":2,"meaning":"Meets the 7% minimum."},{"lo":10,"hi":null,"label":"Comfortable margin","level":4,"meaning":"More than the minimum: good air changes."}],"note":"We assume a sliding window opens about half of its area; a casement / tilting window opens more."},"glazing_ratio":{"title":"Glass area compared with the floor","unit":"% of floor area","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021","NBR15220-3"],"what":"Window area divided by floor area. NBR 15575-4 limits transparent areas to 20% of the floor (rooms up to 20 m2) unless there is shading or high-performance glass; NBR 15220-3 recommends 15-25% openings for zone 3.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":7,"label":"Very small","level":1,"meaning":"Too little window for light and air."},{"lo":7,"hi":15,"label":"Small","level":2,"meaning":"Works, but a little dark or stuffy."},{"lo":15,"hi":20,"label":"Ideal","level":4,"meaning":"Inside the NBR 15575-4 limit and the NBR 15220-3 recommendation."},{"lo":20,"hi":25,"label":"Large","level":3,"meaning":"Recommended by NBR 15220-3 if shaded; above the NBR 15575-4 20% unless shaded."},{"lo":25,"hi":null,"label":"Too large","level":1,"meaning":"More sun heat than the norms accept without shading."}]},"comfort_pct":{"title":"Hours in the comfortable temperature band","unit":"% of the year","type":"RULE","sources":["ASHRAE55","RULE"],"what":"Share of the 8,760 hours of the year in which the room temperature stays inside the ASHRAE-55 adaptive comfort band (it moves with the weather: warmer outdoors = wider acceptance). Outdoors, for reference, only about half of the hours.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":40,"label":"Bad","level":0,"meaning":"Uncomfortable most of the year."},{"lo":40,"hi":60,"label":"Poor","level":1,"meaning":"Uncomfortable much of the year."},{"lo":60,"hi":75,"label":"Acceptable","level":2,"meaning":"Comfortable most of the time, with some hot or cold spells."},{"lo":75,"hi":90,"label":"Good","level":3,"meaning":"Comfortable most of the year."},{"lo":90,"hi":null,"label":"Excellent","level":4,"meaning":"Comfortable nearly all year without air conditioning or heating."}],"note":"The norms judge thermal comfort relative to a reference house or on design days; this percentage scale is our own."},"nbr_summer":{"title":"Hottest day: indoor peak vs. outdoor peak (NBR 15575)","unit":"degC (indoor max - outdoor max)","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"On the hottest day of the typical year, the hottest indoor air temperature compared with the hottest outdoor temperature. Negative means the house is cooler than the outdoors.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":-4,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Indoor peak at least 4 degC below the outdoor peak."},{"lo":-4,"hi":-2,"label":"Intermediate","level":3,"meaning":"Indoor peak at least 2 degC below the outdoor peak."},{"lo":-2,"hi":0.0001,"label":"Minimum","level":2,"meaning":"Indoor peak no higher than the outdoor peak."},{"lo":0.0001,"hi":null,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Indoor peak higher than outdoors: the house overheats."}],"note":"Applies to bedrooms and living rooms. We use the hottest day of the weather file, not the norm's standard design day."},"nbr_winter":{"title":"Coldest day: indoor minimum vs. outdoor minimum (NBR 15575)","unit":"degC (indoor min - outdoor min)","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"On the coldest day of the typical year, the coldest indoor air temperature compared with the coldest outdoor temperature. Positive means the house is warmer than the outdoors.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":3,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Less than 3 degC warmer than outdoors."},{"lo":3,"hi":5,"label":"Minimum","level":2,"meaning":"At least 3 degC warmer than outdoors."},{"lo":5,"hi":7,"label":"Intermediate","level":3,"meaning":"At least 5 degC warmer than outdoors."},{"lo":7,"hi":null,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"At least 7 degC warmer than outdoors."}],"note":"Winter check is required in bioclimatic zones 1 to 5, which includes Maringa."},"peak_temp":{"title":"Hottest hour of the year inside","unit":"degC","type":"RULE","sources":["ASHRAE55","RULE"],"what":"Highest operative temperature (air + wall surfaces) reached in the room.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":28,"label":"Comfortable","level":4,"meaning":"Never really hot."},{"lo":28,"hi":30,"label":"Warm","level":3,"meaning":"Warm on the hottest days; a fan is enough."},{"lo":30,"hi":32,"label":"Hot","level":2,"meaning":"Hot spells; fans help, sleep is affected."},{"lo":32,"hi":35,"label":"Very hot","level":1,"meaning":"Heat stress risk for children and the elderly."},{"lo":35,"hi":null,"label":"Extreme","level":0,"meaning":"Dangerous without cooling."}],"note":"The adaptive-comfort upper limit in a warm month is about 29 degC (80% acceptability)."},"lowest_temp":{"title":"Coldest hour of the year inside","unit":"degC","type":"INT","sources":["WHO"],"what":"Lowest operative temperature reached in the room.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":12,"label":"Dangerous","level":0,"meaning":"Cold stress; risk of heart and breathing problems."},{"lo":12,"hi":16,"label":"Cold","level":1,"meaning":"Below 16 degC the risk of respiratory problems rises."},{"lo":16,"hi":18,"label":"Cool","level":2,"meaning":"A jumper is needed; below the WHO 18 degC recommendation."},{"lo":18,"hi":20,"label":"Good","level":3,"meaning":"Meets the WHO recommendation of at least 18 degC."},{"lo":20,"hi":null,"label":"Pleasant","level":4,"meaning":"Never uncomfortably cold."}]},"cooling_kwh_m2":{"title":"Electricity to keep the room cool with an air conditioner","unit":"kWh per m2 per year","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE","NBR16401"],"what":"Electricity a split air conditioner would use in a year to hold the room at 26 C (upper limit of the summer comfort zone of NBR 16401-2) during the hours the room is used (bedrooms 21:00-08:00, living 14:00-23:00, kitchen 08:00-21:00). A room that overheats in summer costs more here. Cost = kWh x tariff.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":10,"label":"Very low","level":4,"meaning":"Rarely needs cooling."},{"lo":10,"hi":25,"label":"Low","level":3,"meaning":"A few weeks of cooling a year."},{"lo":25,"hi":45,"label":"Moderate","level":2,"meaning":"Cooling needed through most of the summer."},{"lo":45,"hi":70,"label":"High","level":1,"meaning":"Expensive to keep cool: the room overheats a lot."},{"lo":70,"hi":null,"label":"Very high","level":0,"meaning":"Very expensive: shade, insulation or a better roof are worth more than a bigger air conditioner."}],"note":"Assumes COP 3.0 (Inmetro class A split of about 2012), windows closed while the air conditioner runs, sensible heat only (no dehumidification) so real bills are somewhat higher. Tariff is an assumption, see the report."},"leed_daylight":{"title":"LEED daylight (sDA300/50%, area-weighted over the regularly occupied rooms)","unit":"% of floor","type":"INT","sources":["LEED41","LM83_23"],"what":"Average spatial daylight autonomy of the living rooms, bedrooms and kitchens (floor-area weighted): the share of floor that gets 300 lux for at least half of the occupied hours. LEED v4.1 gives 1 point from 40%, 2 points from 55% and 3 points from 75%. Indicative pre-assessment only: a real LEED credit needs a certified assessor and the full LM-83 method.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":40,"label":"No points","level":1,"meaning":"Below the 40% needed for the first point."},{"lo":40,"hi":55,"label":"1 point","level":2,"meaning":"Meets the first LEED daylight step."},{"lo":55,"hi":75,"label":"2 points","level":3,"meaning":"Meets the second LEED daylight step."},{"lo":75,"hi":null,"label":"3 points","level":4,"meaning":"Meets the top LEED daylight step."}],"note":"Also needed: ASE1000,250 of at most 10% (otherwise explain the glare strategy). Wet rooms, halls and outdoor areas are not 'regularly occupied'."},"heating_kwh_m2":{"title":"Energy to keep the room warm in winter","unit":"kWh per m2 per year","type":"RULE","sources":["PASSIVHAUS","RULE"],"what":"Fuel or electricity needed in a year to hold the room at the heating set point (default 20 C) during the hours it is used. Only shown for cold climates. The top band is the Passive House criterion (15 kWh/m2 per year); the other bands are our guideline.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":15,"label":"Passive-house level","level":4,"meaning":"Hardly any heating needed: excellent insulation and solar gains."},{"lo":15,"hi":40,"label":"Low","level":3,"meaning":"Low-energy building."},{"lo":40,"hi":80,"label":"Moderate","level":2,"meaning":"Typical of a reasonably insulated home."},{"lo":80,"hi":130,"label":"High","level":1,"meaning":"Poorly insulated: a lot of heat is lost."},{"lo":130,"hi":null,"label":"Very high","level":0,"meaning":"Very expensive to heat: insulation and air-tightness should come first."}],"note":"Delivered heat divided by the efficiency of the heating system (default 0.9, a gas boiler; a heat pump would use about a third)."},"wind_speed":{"title":"Average outdoor wind speed","unit":"m/s","type":"INT","sources":["BEAUFORT","RULE"],"what":"Average wind at the site over the year (weather file, open terrain at 10 m; at the house it is lower).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":1.0,"label":"Calm","level":1,"meaning":"Little natural ventilation from the wind alone."},{"lo":1.0,"hi":2.0,"label":"Light air","level":2,"meaning":"Gentle; openings help but cross-ventilation is weak."},{"lo":2.0,"hi":5.0,"label":"Light to gentle breeze","level":4,"meaning":"Ideal range for natural ventilation."},{"lo":5.0,"hi":8.0,"label":"Moderate breeze","level":3,"meaning":"Strong enough to need wind protection outdoors."},{"lo":8.0,"hi":null,"label":"Fresh breeze or more","level":1,"meaning":"Wind damage and discomfort risk."}],"note":"Beaufort 1 = 0.3-1.5 m/s, 2 = 1.6-3.3, 3 = 3.4-5.4, 4 = 5.5-7.9 m/s. Indoors ASHRAE-55 accepts air speeds up to about 0.8 m/s."},"cross_vent":{"title":"Cross-ventilation possible","unit":"% of windy hours","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE"],"what":"Share of the windy hours in which the wind hits a window on one side of the connected rooms and another window on the opposite side can let it out (doors assumed open).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":5,"label":"Almost none","level":0,"meaning":"Air hardly flows through the room."},{"lo":5,"hi":20,"label":"Weak","level":1,"meaning":"Cross-ventilation seldom happens."},{"lo":20,"hi":40,"label":"Some","level":2,"meaning":"Works in part of the windy hours."},{"lo":40,"hi":60,"label":"Good","level":3,"meaning":"Works in many windy hours."},{"lo":60,"hi":null,"label":"Excellent","level":4,"meaning":"A through-draught is possible most of the time."}]},"wall_sun_summer":{"title":"Summer sun on a wall","unit":"kWh/m2","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE"],"what":"Solar energy on a vertical wall with no shading in the three summer months (Dec-Feb in the south, Jun-Aug in the north). Lower is better: it is heat you do not want.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":150,"label":"Low","level":4,"meaning":"Little summer heat from the sun."},{"lo":150,"hi":225,"label":"Moderate","level":3,"meaning":"Some heat; an eave or a light colour handles it."},{"lo":225,"hi":300,"label":"High","level":2,"meaning":"Hot wall: needs shading, light colour, or insulation."},{"lo":300,"hi":null,"label":"Very high","level":1,"meaning":"Very hot wall."}],"note":"Roughly 1.7 / 2.5 / 3.3 kWh/m2 per day. The norm handles wall heat through limits on U-value and paint colour."},"wall_sun_winter":{"title":"Winter sun on a wall","unit":"kWh/m2","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE","NBR15220-3"],"what":"Solar energy on a vertical wall in June-August. Higher is better in a cool winter: free heat (NBR 15220-3 recommends winter solar heating for zone 3).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":120,"label":"Low","level":1,"meaning":"Almost no winter sun."},{"lo":120,"hi":220,"label":"Moderate","level":2,"meaning":"Some winter sun."},{"lo":220,"hi":320,"label":"Good","level":3,"meaning":"Good winter sun."},{"lo":320,"hi":null,"label":"High","level":4,"meaning":"A lot of free winter heat."}]},"wall_u":{"title":"Wall heat transmittance U (NBR 15575-4)","unit":"W/m2K","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021"],"what":"How fast heat flows through the wall (lower = better insulated). Limit in zones 3-8: 3.7 if the outside paint is light (solar absorptance up to 0.6), 2.5 if darker.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":2.5,"label":"Meets both limits","level":4,"meaning":"Meets the limit even with dark paint."},{"lo":2.5,"hi":3.7,"label":"Light paint only","level":3,"meaning":"Meets the limit only with light-coloured paint (absorptance 0.6 or less)."},{"lo":3.7,"hi":null,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Above the limit: the simplified method is not met."}]},"wall_ct":{"title":"Wall heat capacity (NBR 15575-4)","unit":"kJ/m2K","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021"],"what":"How much heat the wall stores (higher = calmer indoor temperature). Limit: at least 130 in zones 1-7.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":130,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Less heat storage than the minimum."},{"lo":130,"hi":null,"label":"Meets","level":4,"meaning":"Meets the minimum of 130."}]},"roof_u":{"title":"Roof heat transmittance U (NBR 15575-5)","unit":"W/m2K","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-5_2021"],"what":"Heat flow through roof + ceiling. Limit in zones 3-6: 2.3 if the roof is light-coloured (absorptance up to 0.6), 1.5 if darker (e.g. red clay tile).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":1.5,"label":"Meets both limits","level":4,"meaning":"Meets the limit even for a dark roof."},{"lo":1.5,"hi":2.3,"label":"Light roof only","level":3,"meaning":"Meets the limit only if the roof surface is light."},{"lo":2.3,"hi":null,"label":"Fails","level":0,"meaning":"Above the limit."}],"note":"Our roof U is indicative: a ventilated attic is not modelled by the standard calculation."}},"lux_recs":{"living":{"label":"Living / dining room","general":[100,150,200],"task":[300,500,750],"task_name":"reading, writing, sewing","source":"NBR 5413 (home); EN 12464-1 / NBR 8995-1 for reading tasks"},"bedroom":{"label":"Bedroom","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"reading in bed, dressing table","source":"NBR 5413 (home)"},"kitchen":{"label":"Kitchen","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"stove, sink and worktop (EN 12464-1 asks 500)","source":"NBR 5413 (home); EN 12464-1"},"bathroom":{"label":"Bathroom","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"mirror (shaving, make-up)","source":"NBR 5413 (home)"},"hall":{"label":"Hallway / circulation","general":[75,100,150],"task":null,"task_name":"","source":"NBR 5413 (home)"},"service":{"label":"Laundry / storage / outdoor bath","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"laundry and tools","source":"NBR 5413 (home)"},"outdoor":{"label":"Porch / carport (covered outdoor)","general":[50,75,100],"task":null,"task_name":"","source":"NBR 5413 (garages 50-75-100)"}},"dwelling_daylight_target":{"bedroom":100,"living":150,"kitchen":200},"reading_lamp_lm":[450,800],"bulb_examples":[[100,"night light / small candle-type"],[450,"equivalent of an old 40 W bulb"],[800,"equivalent of an old 60 W bulb"],[1600,"equivalent of an old 100 W bulb"]],"uf":0.45,"mf":0.8,"led_lm_per_w":100.0},"pt":{"levels":{"4":{"name":"Excelente","color":"#2e9e5b"},"3":{"name":"Bom","color":"#8bc34a"},"2":{"name":"Aceitável","color":"#f2c94c"},"1":{"name":"Ruim","color":"#f2994a"},"0":{"name":"Péssimo","color":"#e74c3c"}},"neutral":"#9aa5b1","types":{"BR":"Norma brasileira","INT":"Padrão internacional","RULE":"Regra prática"},"sources":{"NBR15575-1_2013":"ABNT NBR 15575-1:2013 (Edificações habitacionais — Desempenho), requisitos de iluminação natural e desempenho térmico","NBR15575-1_2021":"ABNT NBR 15575-1:2021 + emenda (desempenho térmico por simulação, comparado a uma casa de referência)","NBR15575-4_2021":"Projeto de emenda da ABNT NBR 15575-4:2021 (mar/2021): método simplificado para paredes, ventilação e áreas transparentes","NBR15575-5_2021":"Projeto de emenda da ABNT NBR 15575-5:2021: método simplificado para coberturas","NBR15220-3":"ABNT NBR 15220-3: zoneamento bioclimático brasileiro e diretrizes construtivas (Maringá costuma ser listada na zona 3)","NBR5413":"ABNT NBR 5413:1992 (cancelada em 2013, mas ainda a referência brasileira mais usada para iluminação de RESIDÊNCIAS)","NBR8995-1":"ABNT NBR ISO/CIE 8995-1:2013 (iluminação de ambientes de trabalho; leitura e escrita 300–500 lx)","EN17037":"EN 17037:2018 Iluminação natural em edifícios (Anexo Nacional do Reino Unido para moradias: 100/150/200 lx; insolação 1,5/3/4 h)","LM83":"IES LM-83-12 (sDA e ASE), como usado no LEED v4.1","ASHRAE55":"ASHRAE 55, modelo de conforto adaptativo (aceitabilidade de 80% / 90%)","NBR16401":"ABNT NBR 16401-2 (ar-condicionado, conforto interno): verão cerca de 22,5–25,5 °C com 65% de UR e 23–26 °C com 35% de UR","PASSIVHAUS":"Passive House Institute, critério: demanda de aquecimento de no máximo 15 kWh por m² por ano","LEED41":"USGBC LEED v4.1, crédito de Luz natural, Opção 1 (simulação): média de sDA300/50% de 40% / 55% / 75% = 1 / 2 / 3 pontos; ASE1000,250 acima de 10% exige estratégia contra ofuscamento (limites lidos na página do crédito v4.1 no LEEDuser)","LM83_23":"ANSI/IES LM-83-23 (publicada em fev/2023): autonomia espacial de luz natural (sDA) e exposição solar anual (ASE); o LEED v4.1 ainda cita a edição de 2012, com as mesmas duas métricas","WHO":"OMS, Diretrizes de Habitação e Saúde 2018 (temperatura interna de pelo menos 18 °C)","BEAUFORT":"Escala de vento Beaufort (OMM)","RULE":"Regra prática deste estudo (nenhuma norma dá um número)"},"scales":{"daylight_nbr_living":{"title":"Luz natural no centro do ambiente (ensaio da NBR 15575)","unit":"lux","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"Luz natural em um plano na altura de uma mesa (0,75 m), no meio do ambiente, em 23 de abril e 23 de outubro às 9h30 e às 15h30, com céu parcialmente nublado e lâmpadas apagadas. Vale a menor das quatro leituras. Aplica-se a salas, dormitórios, cozinhas e áreas de serviço.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":60,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Abaixo do mínimo de 60 lux: é preciso acender a luz até ao meio-dia."},{"lo":60,"hi":90,"label":"Mínimo","level":2,"meaning":"Atende ao mínimo exigido pela norma."},{"lo":90,"hi":120,"label":"Intermediário","level":3,"meaning":"Melhor que o mínimo."},{"lo":120,"hi":null,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Nível máximo da norma."}],"note":"Nosso cálculo usa o clima típico da semana em torno dessas datas e só a luz do céu (sem sol direto), portanto fica a favor da segurança."},"daylight_nbr_wet":{"title":"Luz natural no centro do ambiente (ensaio da NBR 15575): banheiros, corredores, escadas, garagens","unit":"lux","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"O mesmo ensaio, para ambientes onde as pessoas não ficam muito tempo.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":30,"label":"Sem exigência","level":2,"meaning":"A norma não exige luz natural aqui (nível mínimo: “não requerido”)."},{"lo":30,"hi":45,"label":"Intermediário","level":3,"meaning":"Atende ao nível intermediário."},{"lo":45,"hi":null,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Atende ao nível superior."}]},"sda_dwelling":{"title":"Parcela do piso que atinge a luz recomendada para moradias","unit":"% do piso","type":"INT","sources":["EN17037"],"what":"Porcentagem do piso do ambiente que recebe, só de luz natural, pelo menos a luz-meta (100 lux no dormitório, 150 lux na sala, 200 lux na cozinha) durante pelo menos metade das horas do dia (8h às 18h).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":50,"label":"Abaixo da meta","level":1,"meaning":"Menos da metade do ambiente atinge a meta: será preciso acender lâmpadas de dia."},{"lo":50,"hi":95,"label":"Atende à meta","level":3,"meaning":"Pelo menos metade do piso atinge a meta durante metade do dia."},{"lo":95,"hi":null,"label":"Ambiente inteiro","level":4,"meaning":"Praticamente todo o ambiente atinge a meta."}],"note":"A EN 17037 pede a luz-meta em pelo menos 50% da área durante metade das horas de luz do dia (mais um nível menor em 95% da área)."},"sda300":{"title":"Autonomia espacial de luz natural sDA 300/50% (padrão para ambientes de trabalho)","unit":"% do piso","type":"INT","sources":["LM83"],"what":"Porcentagem do piso com pelo menos 300 lux de luz natural durante pelo menos metade das horas de uso. 300 lux é um nível de luz de TRABALHO; portanto este é um teste rigoroso, útil para escritório em casa, cozinha ou estudo. Dormitórios e corredores não precisam chegar lá.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":55,"label":"Abaixo do recomendado","level":1,"meaning":"Menos de 55% do piso atinge 300 lux durante metade do dia."},{"lo":55,"hi":75,"label":"Nominalmente aceitável","level":2,"meaning":"Aceito pela IES / LEED (55% ou mais)."},{"lo":75,"hi":null,"label":"Preferível","level":4,"meaning":"Nível preferível (75% ou mais)."}]},"ase":{"title":"Exposição solar anual ASE (risco de ofuscamento e superaquecimento)","unit":"% do piso","type":"INT","sources":["LM83"],"what":"Porcentagem do piso que recebe sol direto forte (acima de 1000 lux) por mais de 250 horas por ano. Valores altos significam ofuscamento, móveis desbotados e calor.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":3,"label":"Muito baixa","level":4,"meaning":"Quase nenhum sol direto forte."},{"lo":3,"hi":10,"label":"Aceitável","level":3,"meaning":"Dentro do limite de 10% usado pela IES / LEED."},{"lo":10,"hi":20,"label":"Alta","level":1,"meaning":"Acima do limite de 10%: considere cortinas, persianas ou um beiral."},{"lo":20,"hi":null,"label":"Muito alta","level":0,"meaning":"Grande área com sol forte por muito tempo: ofuscamento e calor prováveis."}]},"lamps_off":{"title":"Horas do dia sem precisar de lâmpadas","unit":"% das horas entre 8h e 18h","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE","NBR5413"],"what":"Parcela das horas do dia em que a luz natural média do ambiente já atinge o nível geral recomendado (veja a tabela de lâmpadas), e as luzes podem ficar apagadas.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":10,"label":"Quase nunca","level":0,"meaning":"Você vai acender as luzes o dia todo."},{"lo":10,"hi":25,"label":"Raramente","level":1,"meaning":"Lâmpadas necessárias na maior parte do dia."},{"lo":25,"hi":50,"label":"Às vezes","level":2,"meaning":"Lâmpadas necessárias em dias nublados e de manhã / à tarde."},{"lo":50,"hi":75,"label":"Frequentemente","level":3,"meaning":"Lâmpadas quase sempre apagadas de dia."},{"lo":75,"hi":null,"label":"Quase sempre","level":4,"meaning":"Lâmpadas apagadas quase o dia inteiro."}]},"sun_hours_window":{"title":"Sol direto na janela no início da primavera","unit":"horas/dia","type":"INT","sources":["EN17037"],"what":"Horas de sol direto que chegam às janelas do ambiente em um dia típico do início da primavera: 1º de agosto a 21 de setembro no hemisfério sul, 1º de fevereiro a 21 de março no norte (as datas da EN 17037). Sol no inverno e no início da primavera faz bem à saúde e aquece.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":1.5,"label":"Abaixo do mínimo","level":1,"meaning":"Menos de 1,5 h de sol: o ambiente parece sem sol."},{"lo":1.5,"hi":3,"label":"Mínimo","level":2,"meaning":"Atende ao mínimo da EN 17037 (1,5 h)."},{"lo":3,"hi":4,"label":"Médio","level":3,"meaning":"Atende ao nível médio da EN 17037 (3 h)."},{"lo":4,"hi":null,"label":"Alto","level":4,"meaning":"Atende ao nível alto da EN 17037 (4 h)."}],"note":"A EN 17037 pede isso para pelo menos um cômodo principal (de preferência a sala); banheiros e corredores são isentos."},"vent_effective":{"title":"Área de janela abrível para ventilação","unit":"% da área do piso","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021"],"what":"Área das janelas que realmente abre (descontados vidros, caixilhos e folhas fixas) dividida pela área do piso do ambiente. Nas zonas 1 a 7 é exigido pelo menos 7%.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":7,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Menos que os 7% mínimos da norma (a menos que o código de obras do município diga outra coisa)."},{"lo":7,"hi":10,"label":"Atende ao mínimo","level":2,"meaning":"Atende ao mínimo de 7%."},{"lo":10,"hi":null,"label":"Boa margem","level":4,"meaning":"Mais que o mínimo: boas trocas de ar."}],"note":"Supomos que uma janela de correr abre cerca da metade da sua área; janelas de abrir ou basculantes abrem mais."},"glazing_ratio":{"title":"Área de vidro em relação ao piso","unit":"% da área do piso","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021","NBR15220-3"],"what":"Área da janela dividida pela área do piso. A NBR 15575-4 limita as áreas transparentes a 20% do piso (ambientes até 20 m²) a menos que haja sombreamento ou vidro de alto desempenho; a NBR 15220-3 recomenda aberturas de 15 a 25% na zona 3.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":7,"label":"Muito pequena","level":1,"meaning":"Janela pequena demais para luz e ar."},{"lo":7,"hi":15,"label":"Pequena","level":2,"meaning":"Funciona, mas um pouco escuro ou abafado."},{"lo":15,"hi":20,"label":"Ideal","level":4,"meaning":"Dentro do limite da NBR 15575-4 e da recomendação da NBR 15220-3."},{"lo":20,"hi":25,"label":"Grande","level":3,"meaning":"Recomendada pela NBR 15220-3 se sombreada; acima dos 20% da NBR 15575-4, exceto se sombreada."},{"lo":25,"hi":null,"label":"Grande demais","level":1,"meaning":"Mais calor do sol do que as normas aceitam sem sombreamento."}]},"comfort_pct":{"title":"Horas na faixa de temperatura confortável","unit":"% do ano","type":"RULE","sources":["ASHRAE55","RULE"],"what":"Parcela das 8.760 horas do ano em que a temperatura do ambiente fica dentro da faixa de conforto adaptativo da ASHRAE 55 (ela acompanha o clima: com mais calor lá fora, aceita-se mais calor dentro). Ao ar livre, como referência, só cerca de metade das horas.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":40,"label":"Péssimo","level":0,"meaning":"Desconfortável na maior parte do ano."},{"lo":40,"hi":60,"label":"Ruim","level":1,"meaning":"Desconfortável em boa parte do ano."},{"lo":60,"hi":75,"label":"Aceitável","level":2,"meaning":"Confortável na maior parte do tempo, com algumas ondas de calor ou frio."},{"lo":75,"hi":90,"label":"Bom","level":3,"meaning":"Confortável na maior parte do ano."},{"lo":90,"hi":null,"label":"Excelente","level":4,"meaning":"Confortável quase o ano todo sem ar-condicionado nem aquecimento."}],"note":"As normas avaliam o conforto térmico em relação a uma casa de referência ou em dias de projeto; esta escala em porcentagem é nossa."},"nbr_summer":{"title":"Dia mais quente: máxima interna x máxima externa (NBR 15575)","unit":"°C (máx. interna − máx. externa)","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"No dia mais quente do ano típico, a maior temperatura do ar interno comparada com a maior temperatura externa. Negativo significa que a casa fica mais fresca que o lado de fora.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":-4,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Máxima interna pelo menos 4 °C abaixo da externa."},{"lo":-4,"hi":-2,"label":"Intermediário","level":3,"meaning":"Máxima interna pelo menos 2 °C abaixo da externa."},{"lo":-2,"hi":0.0001,"label":"Mínimo","level":2,"meaning":"Máxima interna não maior que a externa."},{"lo":0.0001,"hi":null,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Máxima interna maior que a externa: a casa superaquece."}],"note":"Vale para dormitórios e salas. Usamos o dia mais quente do arquivo climático, não o dia típico de projeto da norma."},"nbr_winter":{"title":"Dia mais frio: mínima interna x mínima externa (NBR 15575)","unit":"°C (mín. interna − mín. externa)","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-1_2013"],"what":"No dia mais frio do ano típico, a menor temperatura do ar interno comparada com a menor temperatura externa. Positivo significa que a casa fica mais quente que o lado de fora.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":3,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Menos de 3 °C mais quente que o lado de fora."},{"lo":3,"hi":5,"label":"Mínimo","level":2,"meaning":"Pelo menos 3 °C mais quente que o lado de fora."},{"lo":5,"hi":7,"label":"Intermediário","level":3,"meaning":"Pelo menos 5 °C mais quente que o lado de fora."},{"lo":7,"hi":null,"label":"Superior","level":4,"meaning":"Pelo menos 7 °C mais quente que o lado de fora."}],"note":"A verificação de inverno é exigida nas zonas bioclimáticas 1 a 5, o que inclui Maringá."},"peak_temp":{"title":"Hora mais quente do ano dentro de casa","unit":"°C","type":"RULE","sources":["ASHRAE55","RULE"],"what":"Maior temperatura operativa (ar + superfícies das paredes) atingida no ambiente.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":28,"label":"Confortável","level":4,"meaning":"Nunca fica realmente quente."},{"lo":28,"hi":30,"label":"Morno","level":3,"meaning":"Quente nos dias mais quentes; um ventilador resolve."},{"lo":30,"hi":32,"label":"Quente","level":2,"meaning":"Períodos quentes; ventilador ajuda, o sono é afetado."},{"lo":32,"hi":35,"label":"Muito quente","level":1,"meaning":"Risco de estresse térmico para crianças e idosos."},{"lo":35,"hi":null,"label":"Extremo","level":0,"meaning":"Perigoso sem climatização."}],"note":"O limite superior do conforto adaptativo em um mês quente é cerca de 29 °C (aceitabilidade de 80%)."},"lowest_temp":{"title":"Hora mais fria do ano dentro de casa","unit":"°C","type":"INT","sources":["WHO"],"what":"Menor temperatura operativa atingida no ambiente.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":12,"label":"Perigoso","level":0,"meaning":"Estresse por frio; risco de problemas cardíacos e respiratórios."},{"lo":12,"hi":16,"label":"Frio","level":1,"meaning":"Abaixo de 16 °C o risco de problemas respiratórios aumenta."},{"lo":16,"hi":18,"label":"Fresco","level":2,"meaning":"Precisa de agasalho; abaixo dos 18 °C recomendados pela OMS."},{"lo":18,"hi":20,"label":"Bom","level":3,"meaning":"Atende à recomendação da OMS de pelo menos 18 °C."},{"lo":20,"hi":null,"label":"Agradável","level":4,"meaning":"Nunca fica desconfortavelmente frio."}]},"cooling_kwh_m2":{"title":"Eletricidade para manter o ambiente fresco com ar-condicionado","unit":"kWh por m² por ano","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE","NBR16401"],"what":"Eletricidade que um split usaria em um ano para manter o ambiente a 26 °C (limite superior da zona de conforto de verão da NBR 16401-2) nas horas em que ele é usado (dormitórios 21h–8h, sala 14h–23h, cozinha 8h–21h). Um ambiente que superaquece no verão custa mais aqui. Custo = kWh × tarifa.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":10,"label":"Muito baixa","level":4,"meaning":"Raramente precisa de refrigeração."},{"lo":10,"hi":25,"label":"Baixa","level":3,"meaning":"Algumas semanas de refrigeração por ano."},{"lo":25,"hi":45,"label":"Moderada","level":2,"meaning":"Refrigeração necessária na maior parte do verão."},{"lo":45,"hi":70,"label":"Alta","level":1,"meaning":"Caro para manter fresco: o ambiente superaquece muito."},{"lo":70,"hi":null,"label":"Muito alta","level":0,"meaning":"Muito caro: sombreamento, isolamento ou uma cobertura melhor valem mais que um ar-condicionado maior."}],"note":"Considera COP 3,0 (split classe A do Inmetro de cerca de 2012), janelas fechadas com o ar ligado e só calor sensível (sem desumidificação); portanto as contas reais são um pouco maiores. A tarifa é uma suposição; veja o relatório."},"leed_daylight":{"title":"Luz natural LEED (sDA300/50%, média ponderada pela área dos ambientes de permanência)","unit":"% do piso","type":"INT","sources":["LEED41","LM83_23"],"what":"Autonomia espacial de luz natural média de salas, dormitórios e cozinhas (ponderada pela área do piso): parcela do piso que recebe 300 lux em pelo menos metade das horas de uso. O LEED v4.1 dá 1 ponto a partir de 40%, 2 pontos a partir de 55% e 3 pontos a partir de 75%. Apenas pré-avaliação indicativa: um crédito LEED de verdade exige avaliador certificado e o método completo da LM-83.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":40,"label":"Sem pontos","level":1,"meaning":"Abaixo dos 40% necessários para o primeiro ponto."},{"lo":40,"hi":55,"label":"1 ponto","level":2,"meaning":"Atende ao primeiro degrau de luz natural do LEED."},{"lo":55,"hi":75,"label":"2 pontos","level":3,"meaning":"Atende ao segundo degrau de luz natural do LEED."},{"lo":75,"hi":null,"label":"3 pontos","level":4,"meaning":"Atende ao degrau máximo de luz natural do LEED."}],"note":"Também é exigido ASE1000,250 de no máximo 10% (senão é preciso explicar a estratégia contra ofuscamento). Banheiros, corredores e áreas externas não são de “permanência”."},"heating_kwh_m2":{"title":"Energia para manter o ambiente aquecido no inverno","unit":"kWh por m² por ano","type":"RULE","sources":["PASSIVHAUS","RULE"],"what":"Combustível ou eletricidade necessários em um ano para manter o ambiente na temperatura de aquecimento (padrão 20 °C) nas horas em que é usado. Só aparece em climas frios. A faixa mais alta é o critério Passive House (15 kWh/m² por ano); as demais são orientação nossa.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":15,"label":"Nível Passive House","level":4,"meaning":"Quase não precisa de aquecimento: excelente isolamento e ganhos solares."},{"lo":15,"hi":40,"label":"Baixa","level":3,"meaning":"Edificação de baixo consumo de energia."},{"lo":40,"hi":80,"label":"Moderada","level":2,"meaning":"Típica de uma casa razoavelmente isolada."},{"lo":80,"hi":130,"label":"Alta","level":1,"meaning":"Mal isolada: perde muito calor."},{"lo":130,"hi":null,"label":"Muito alta","level":0,"meaning":"Muito caro aquecer: isolamento e estanqueidade devem vir primeiro."}],"note":"Calor entregue dividido pela eficiência do sistema de aquecimento (padrão 0,9, caldeira a gás; uma bomba de calor usaria cerca de um terço)."},"wind_speed":{"title":"Velocidade média do vento externo","unit":"m/s","type":"INT","sources":["BEAUFORT","RULE"],"what":"Vento médio no local ao longo do ano (arquivo climático, terreno aberto a 10 m; na casa é menor).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":1.0,"label":"Calmaria","level":1,"meaning":"Pouca ventilação natural só pelo vento."},{"lo":1.0,"hi":2.0,"label":"Aragem","level":2,"meaning":"Suave; as aberturas ajudam, mas a ventilação cruzada é fraca."},{"lo":2.0,"hi":5.0,"label":"Brisa leve a suave","level":4,"meaning":"Faixa ideal para ventilação natural."},{"lo":5.0,"hi":8.0,"label":"Brisa moderada","level":3,"meaning":"Forte o bastante para exigir proteção contra o vento ao ar livre."},{"lo":8.0,"hi":null,"label":"Brisa fresca ou mais","level":1,"meaning":"Risco de danos e desconforto pelo vento."}],"note":"Beaufort 1 = 0,3–1,5 m/s, 2 = 1,6–3,3, 3 = 3,4–5,4, 4 = 5,5–7,9 m/s. Dentro de casa, a ASHRAE 55 aceita velocidades do ar de até cerca de 0,8 m/s."},"cross_vent":{"title":"Ventilação cruzada possível","unit":"% das horas com vento","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE"],"what":"Parcela das horas com vento em que o vento bate em uma janela de um lado dos ambientes conectados e outra janela do lado oposto deixa o ar sair (portas supostas abertas).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":5,"label":"Quase nenhuma","level":0,"meaning":"O ar quase não atravessa o ambiente."},{"lo":5,"hi":20,"label":"Fraca","level":1,"meaning":"A ventilação cruzada raramente acontece."},{"lo":20,"hi":40,"label":"Alguma","level":2,"meaning":"Funciona em parte das horas com vento."},{"lo":40,"hi":60,"label":"Boa","level":3,"meaning":"Funciona em muitas horas com vento."},{"lo":60,"hi":null,"label":"Excelente","level":4,"meaning":"Uma corrente de ar atravessando a casa é possível quase sempre."}]},"wall_sun_summer":{"title":"Sol de verão na parede","unit":"kWh/m²","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE"],"what":"Energia solar em uma parede vertical sem sombra nos três meses de verão (dez–fev no sul, jun–ago no norte). Quanto menor, melhor: é calor que você não quer.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":150,"label":"Baixo","level":4,"meaning":"Pouco calor do sol no verão."},{"lo":150,"hi":225,"label":"Moderado","level":3,"meaning":"Algum calor; um beiral ou cor clara resolvem."},{"lo":225,"hi":300,"label":"Alto","level":2,"meaning":"Parede quente: precisa de sombra, cor clara ou isolamento."},{"lo":300,"hi":null,"label":"Muito alto","level":1,"meaning":"Parede muito quente."}],"note":"Aproximadamente 1,7 / 2,5 / 3,3 kWh/m² por dia. A norma trata o calor das paredes por limites de transmitância térmica e cor da pintura."},"wall_sun_winter":{"title":"Sol de inverno na parede","unit":"kWh/m²","type":"RULE","sources":["RULE","NBR15220-3"],"what":"Energia solar em uma parede vertical nos três meses de inverno (jun–ago no sul, dez–fev no norte). Quanto maior, melhor em um inverno fresco: calor de graça (a NBR 15220-3 recomenda aquecimento solar passivo no inverno para a zona 3).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":120,"label":"Baixo","level":1,"meaning":"Quase nenhum sol no inverno."},{"lo":120,"hi":220,"label":"Moderado","level":2,"meaning":"Algum sol no inverno."},{"lo":220,"hi":320,"label":"Bom","level":3,"meaning":"Bom sol no inverno."},{"lo":320,"hi":null,"label":"Alto","level":4,"meaning":"Muito calor grátis no inverno."}]},"wall_u":{"title":"Transmitância térmica U da parede (NBR 15575-4)","unit":"W/m²K","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021"],"what":"Com que rapidez o calor atravessa a parede (menor = mais isolada). Limite nas zonas 3 a 8: 3,7 se a pintura externa for clara (absortância solar até 0,6) e 2,5 se for mais escura.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":2.5,"label":"Atende aos dois limites","level":4,"meaning":"Atende ao limite mesmo com pintura escura."},{"lo":2.5,"hi":3.7,"label":"Só com pintura clara","level":3,"meaning":"Atende ao limite apenas com pintura de cor clara (absortância 0,6 ou menos)."},{"lo":3.7,"hi":null,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Acima do limite: o método simplificado não é atendido."}]},"wall_ct":{"title":"Capacidade térmica da parede (NBR 15575-4)","unit":"kJ/m²K","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-4_2021"],"what":"Quanto calor a parede armazena (maior = temperatura interna mais estável). Limite: pelo menos 130 nas zonas 1 a 7.","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":130,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Menos armazenamento de calor que o mínimo."},{"lo":130,"hi":null,"label":"Atende","level":4,"meaning":"Atende ao mínimo de 130."}]},"roof_u":{"title":"Transmitância térmica U da cobertura (NBR 15575-5)","unit":"W/m²K","type":"BR","sources":["NBR15575-5_2021"],"what":"Fluxo de calor pela cobertura + forro. Limite nas zonas 3 a 6: 2,3 se a cobertura for clara (absortância até 0,6) e 1,5 se for escura (por exemplo, telha cerâmica vermelha).","bands":[{"lo":null,"hi":1.5,"label":"Atende aos dois limites","level":4,"meaning":"Atende ao limite mesmo para cobertura escura."},{"lo":1.5,"hi":2.3,"label":"Só cobertura clara","level":3,"meaning":"Atende ao limite apenas se a superfície da cobertura for clara."},{"lo":2.3,"hi":null,"label":"Não atende","level":0,"meaning":"Acima do limite."}],"note":"O U da nossa cobertura é indicativo: o cálculo padrão não modela um sótão ventilado."}},"lux_recs":{"living":{"label":"Sala de estar / jantar","general":[100,150,200],"task":[300,500,750],"task_name":"leitura, escrita, costura","source":"NBR 5413 (residências); EN 12464-1 / NBR 8995-1 para tarefas de leitura"},"bedroom":{"label":"Dormitório","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"leitura na cama, penteadeira","source":"NBR 5413 (residências)"},"kitchen":{"label":"Cozinha","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"fogão, pia e bancada (a EN 12464-1 pede 500)","source":"NBR 5413 (residências); EN 12464-1"},"bathroom":{"label":"Banheiro","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"espelho (barba, maquiagem)","source":"NBR 5413 (residências)"},"hall":{"label":"Corredor / circulação","general":[75,100,150],"task":null,"task_name":"","source":"NBR 5413 (residências)"},"service":{"label":"Lavanderia / depósito / banheiro externo","general":[100,150,200],"task":[200,300,500],"task_name":"lavanderia e ferramentas","source":"NBR 5413 (residências)"},"outdoor":{"label":"Varanda / garagem (área externa coberta)","general":[50,75,100],"task":null,"task_name":"","source":"NBR 5413 (garagens 50-75-100)"}},"dwelling_daylight_target":{"bedroom":100,"living":150,"kitchen":200},"reading_lamp_lm":[450,800],"bulb_examples":[[100,"luz noturna / lâmpada vela pequena"],[450,"equivalente a uma lâmpada incandescente de 40 W"],[800,"equivalente a uma lâmpada incandescente de 60 W"],[1600,"equivalente a uma lâmpada incandescente de 100 W"]],"uf":0.45,"mf":0.8,"led_lm_per_w":100.0}},"names_pt":{"Living (front half)":"Sala de estar (frente)","TV / dining (rear half)":"TV / jantar (fundos)","Hallway":"Corredor","Bedroom 1":"Quarto 1","Bathroom 1":"Banheiro 1","Bedroom 2":"Quarto 2","Bathroom 2":"Banheiro 2","Bedroom 3":"Quarto 3","Kitchen":"Cozinha","Outdoor bath":"Banheiro externo","Outdoor storage":"Depósito externo","Carport / entrance porch":"Garagem coberta / varanda de entrada","Back porch":"Varanda dos fundos","Back porch lobe":"Varanda dos fundos (ala)","Living + dining":"Sala de estar + jantar"},"facade_pt":{"North wall":"Parede norte","East wall":"Parede leste","South wall":"Parede sul","West wall":"Parede oeste","Roof (horizontal)":"Cobertura (horizontal)"},"room_kind":{"Living (front half)":"living","TV / dining (rear half)":"living","Hallway":"hall","Bedroom 1":"bedroom","Bathroom 1":"bathroom","Bedroom 2":"bedroom","Bathroom 2":"bathroom","Bedroom 3":"bedroom","Kitchen":"kitchen","Outdoor bath":"service","Outdoor storage":"service","Carport / entrance porch":"outdoor","Back porch":"outdoor","Back porch lobe":"outdoor","Living + dining":"living"},"facade":[{"name":"North wall","annual_kWh_m2":1066,"summer_kWh_m2":155,"winter_kWh_m2":356},{"name":"East wall","annual_kWh_m2":1004,"summer_kWh_m2":287,"winter_kWh_m2":204},{"name":"South wall","annual_kWh_m2":507,"summer_kWh_m2":179,"winter_kWh_m2":86},{"name":"West wall","annual_kWh_m2":982,"summer_kWh_m2":279,"winter_kWh_m2":191},{"name":"Roof (horizontal)","annual_kWh_m2":1865,"summer_kWh_m2":536,"winter_kWh_m2":351}],"sun_month":{"Living (front half)":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"TV / dining (rear half)":[0.11,0.11,0.09,0.08,0.11,0.06,0.06,0.08,0.1,0.08,0.14,0.12],"Hallway":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Bedroom 1":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.15,0.47,0.54,0.54,0.29,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Bathroom 1":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.01,0.04,0.01,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Bedroom 2":[0.0,0.0,0.01,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.02,0.0],"Bathroom 2":[0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0],"Bedroom 3":[0.03,0.01,0.02,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.03,0.08],"Kitchen":[0.02,0.11,0.05,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.04,0.01,0.07,0.05],"Outdoor bath":[0.0,0.0,0.01,0.04,0.05,0.05,0.01,0.05,0.01,0.0,0.08,0.07],"Outdoor storage":[0.0,0.0,0.01,0.04,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.01,0.01,0.02,0.3,0.16],"Carport / entrance porch":[0.0,0.0,0.36,1.83,3.07,3.61,3.39,2.38,0.81,0.01,0.0,0.0],"Back porch":[0.5,0.43,0.51,0.46,0.37,0.28,0.26,0.41,0.53,0.43,0.48,0.61],"Back porch lobe":[0.73,0.72,0.67,0.4,0.19,0.06,0.09,0.29,0.5,0.66,0.88,0.89]},"comfort_monthly":{"Living + dining":[85.6,80.8,85.1,92.6,83.2,64.9,71.4,70.4,87.1,82.9,79.0,79.7],"Hallway":[100.0,100.0,100.0,100.0,90.2,64.3,77.4,76.9,100.0,100.0,100.0,100.0],"Bedroom 1":[89.2,81.0,82.4,89.4,86.7,69.4,77.4,71.0,86.2,83.6,82.1,82.5],"Bathroom 1":[80.9,75.4,77.7,84.2,81.5,63.6,69.2,66.5,75.6,75.7,78.5,76.6],"Bedroom 2":[96.5,85.6,94.0,97.8,86.2,63.5,71.2,73.8,94.9,90.6,90.4,90.3],"Bathroom 2":[95.3,83.9,93.8,100.0,88.8,64.4,73.7,75.9,96.5,90.5,89.3,88.2],"Bedroom 3":[96.2,85.4,94.1,97.9,86.3,63.7,71.5,74.1,94.9,90.7,90.0,89.7],"Kitchen":[79.6,75.7,80.9,86.0,78.1,60.1,64.9,66.8,79.9,77.2,75.3,74.2],"Outdoor bath":[79.3,72.8,71.0,77.9,82.5,66.7,71.2,63.3,70.3,71.2,74.9,75.4],"Outdoor storage":[75.4,73.7,79.3,87.5,79.3,60.6,66.1,66.7,78.5,75.7,72.8,71.2]},"cross":[{"room":"Living + dining","own_windows":3,"windows_in_connected_rooms":7,"connected_to":"Hallway, Kitchen","cross_ventilation_hours_%":100.0},{"room":"Hallway","own_windows":0,"windows_in_connected_rooms":9,"connected_to":"Bedroom 1, Bedroom 2, Bedroom 3, Kitchen, Living + dining","cross_ventilation_hours_%":100.0},{"room":"Bedroom 1","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":8,"connected_to":"Bathroom 1, Hallway","cross_ventilation_hours_%":100.0},{"room":"Bathroom 1","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":2,"connected_to":"Bedroom 1","cross_ventilation_hours_%":0.0},{"room":"Bedroom 2","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":7,"connected_to":"Hallway","cross_ventilation_hours_%":100.0},{"room":"Bathroom 2","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":2,"connected_to":"Bedroom 3","cross_ventilation_hours_%":0.0},{"room":"Bedroom 3","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":8,"connected_to":"Bathroom 2, Hallway","cross_ventilation_hours_%":100.0},{"room":"Kitchen","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":7,"connected_to":"Hallway, Living + dining","cross_ventilation_hours_%":100.0},{"room":"Outdoor bath","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":1,"connected_to":"","cross_ventilation_hours_%":0.0},{"room":"Outdoor storage","own_windows":1,"windows_in_connected_rooms":1,"connected_to":"","cross_ventilation_hours_%":0.0}],"prevailing":{"Annual":90.0,"Summer":90.0,"Winter":90.0},"mean_wind":2.32,"constructions":[{"part":"wall","label":"Ceramic hollow brick 8-hole 9x19x19 cm + 2 cm plaster both sides = 13 cm wall (standard Brazilian block)","key":"brick9","thickness_cm":13.0,"U_W_m2K":2.52,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":134,"R_outer":0.153,"R_inner":0.243,"label_pt":"Bloco cerâmico furado de 8 furos 9x19x19 cm + 2 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 13 cm (bloco padrão brasileiro)"},{"part":"wall","label":"Ceramic hollow brick 14 cm + 2 cm plaster both sides = 18 cm wall (thicker, 'tijolo 6 furos em pe')","key":"brick14","thickness_cm":18.0,"U_W_m2K":2.06,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":164,"R_outer":0.197,"R_inner":0.287,"label_pt":"Tijolo cerâmico furado de 14 cm + 2 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 18 cm (mais espessa, “tijolo 6 furos em pé”)"},{"part":"wall","label":"Concrete block 14 cm + 1.5 cm plaster both sides = 17 cm wall","key":"block14","thickness_cm":17.0,"U_W_m2K":2.61,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":214,"R_outer":0.146,"R_inner":0.236,"label_pt":"Bloco de concreto de 14 cm + 1,5 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 17 cm"},{"part":"roof + ceiling","label":"Clay tile + ventilated attic + plasterboard (gesso) ceiling","key":"tile_gesso","thickness_cm":1.2,"U_W_m2K":1.94,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":8,"R_outer":0.118,"R_inner":0.188,"label_pt":"Telha cerâmica + sótão ventilado + forro de gesso"},{"part":"roof + ceiling","label":"Clay tile + ventilated attic + 12 cm concrete slab ceiling","key":"tile_slab","thickness_cm":13.5,"U_W_m2K":1.78,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":318,"R_outer":0.138,"R_inner":0.213,"label_pt":"Telha cerâmica + sótão ventilado + laje de concreto de 12 cm"},{"part":"roof + ceiling","label":"Fibre-cement sheet + attic + PVC lining (light roof)","key":"fibro_pvc","thickness_cm":1.0,"U_W_m2K":1.86,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":14,"R_outer":0.129,"R_inner":0.199,"label_pt":"Telha de fibrocimento + sótão + forro de PVC (cobertura leve)"},{"part":"floor on ground","label":"10 cm concrete slab + mortar + ceramic tile","key":"floor","thickness_cm":14.8,"U_W_m2K":1.3,"heat_capacity_kJ_m2K":335,"R_outer":0.543,"R_inner":0.227,"label_pt":"Laje de concreto de 10 cm + argamassa + piso cerâmico"}],"scenarios":[{"wall":"block14","roof":"fibro_pvc","avg_comfort_hours":6710.0,"avg_too_hot":1026.0,"avg_too_cold":1024.0,"avg_max_T":35.0,"cooling_kWh_year":1692.0,"heating_kWh_year":0.0,"cooling_BRL_year":1692.0,"heating_cost_year":0.0,"wall_label":"Concrete block 14 cm + 1.5 cm plaster both sides = 17 cm wall","roof_label":"Fibre-cement sheet + attic + PVC lining (light roof)","wall_label_pt":"Bloco de concreto de 14 cm + 1,5 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 17 cm","roof_label_pt":"Telha de fibrocimento + sótão + forro de PVC (cobertura 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= parede de 17 cm","roof_label_pt":"Telha cerâmica + sótão ventilado + laje de concreto de 12 cm"},{"wall":"brick14","roof":"fibro_pvc","avg_comfort_hours":6689.0,"avg_too_hot":1008.0,"avg_too_cold":1062.0,"avg_max_T":35.0,"cooling_kWh_year":1524.0,"heating_kWh_year":0.0,"cooling_BRL_year":1524.0,"heating_cost_year":0.0,"wall_label":"Ceramic hollow brick 14 cm + 2 cm plaster both sides = 18 cm wall (thicker, 'tijolo 6 furos em pe')","roof_label":"Fibre-cement sheet + attic + PVC lining (light roof)","wall_label_pt":"Tijolo cerâmico furado de 14 cm + 2 cm de reboco nos dois lados = parede de 18 cm (mais espessa, “tijolo 6 furos em pé”)","roof_label_pt":"Telha de fibrocimento + sótão + forro de PVC (cobertura leve)"},{"wall":"brick14","roof":"tile_gesso","avg_comfort_hours":6564.0,"avg_too_hot":1148.0,"avg_too_cold":1048.0,"avg_max_T":35.0,"cooling_kWh_year":1679.0,"heating_kWh_year":0.0,"cooling_BRL_year":1679.0,"heating_cost_year":0.0,"wall_label":"Ceramic hollow brick 14 cm + 2 cm 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(U_CFD(z)/U_EP(z))^2","profile_factor_examples":{"0.75":0.39,"1.05":0.49,"1.6":0.61,"3.05":0.79},"docker_image":"opencfd/openfoam-default:2312"},"study":{"points":64,"mesh":{"coarse_vs_medium":{"rms":0.059,"p95_abs":0.084,"max_abs":0.371},"medium_vs_fine":{"rms":0.07,"p95_abs":0.139,"max_abs":0.407},"coarse_vs_fine":{"rms":0.084,"p95_abs":0.136,"max_abs":0.444},"converging":false,"observed_order":null,"GCI_fine_median":0.042,"GCI_fine_p95":0.347},"roughness":{"z0_0.1_vs_0.3":{"rms":0.106,"p95_abs":0.17,"max_abs":0.3},"z0_1.0_vs_0.3":{"rms":0.143,"p95_abs":0.206,"max_abs":0.302}},"domain":{"1.5x_vs_1x":{"rms":0.037,"p95_abs":0.058,"max_abs":0.17}},"turbulence":{"realizableKE_vs_kEpsilon":{"rms":0.024,"p95_abs":0.042,"max_abs":0.065},"kOmegaSST_vs_kEpsilon":{"rms":0.081,"p95_abs":0.13,"max_abs":0.186},"kOmegaSST_vs_realizableKE":{"rms":0.066,"p95_abs":0.107,"max_abs":0.182}},"uncertainty_cp":{"median":0.212,"p95":0.43,"max":1.052},"validation_box":{"h_over_d":0.27,"windward_EN1991":0.7,"leeward_EN1991":-0.31,"reference":"EN 1991-1-4:2005 table 7.1, zones D and E (mean pressure coefficients, reference height = building height)","models":{"kEpsilon":{"windward":0.69,"leeward":-0.35,"error":0.05},"realizableKE":{"windward":0.65,"leeward":-0.34,"error":0.08},"kOmegaSST":{"windward":0.57,"leeward":-0.32,"error":0.14}},"windward_cfd":0.69,"leeward_cfd":-0.35}},"spread":{"minus":{"PHFT_real":55.4,"PHFT_ref":53.8,"dPHFT":1.6,"level_M_margin":7.0,"Tomax_real":35.3,"Tomin_real":15.2},"base":{"PHFT_real":55.4,"PHFT_ref":53.7,"dPHFT":1.6,"level_M_margin":7.0,"Tomax_real":35.3,"Tomin_real":15.2},"plus":{"PHFT_real":55.3,"PHFT_ref":53.7,"dPHFT":1.6,"level_M_margin":7.0,"Tomax_real":35.3,"Tomin_real":15.2},"uncertainty_cp":{"median":0.21,"p95":0.43}},"runs":[{"variant":"mesh_c","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":94203,"yplus_avg":3310.3145,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 133 iterations"},{"variant":"mesh_c","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":74399,"yplus_avg":3906.2179,"converged":null},{"variant":"mesh_m","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":386346,"yplus_avg":1804.2851,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 195 iterations"},{"variant":"mesh_m","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":286544,"yplus_avg":2163.6249,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 190 iterations"},{"variant":"mesh_f","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":1140968,"yplus_avg":1137.2558,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 345 iterations"},{"variant":"mesh_f","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":853553,"yplus_avg":1342.6262,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 314 iterations"},{"variant":"z0_01","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":386346,"yplus_avg":1683.415,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 420 iterations"},{"variant":"z0_01","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":286544,"yplus_avg":2038.921,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 195 iterations"},{"variant":"z0_10","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":386346,"yplus_avg":2141.4849,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 238 iterations"},{"variant":"z0_10","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":286544,"yplus_avg":2521.9671,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 223 iterations"},{"variant":"dom_15","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":555875,"yplus_avg":1793.0663,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 291 iterations"},{"variant":"dom_15","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":453657,"yplus_avg":2119.9205,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 274 iterations"},{"variant":"turb_rke","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":386346,"yplus_avg":1793.978,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 305 iterations"},{"variant":"turb_rke","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":286544,"yplus_avg":2107.0378,"converged":null},{"variant":"turb_sst","wind_from_deg":30,"cells":386346,"yplus_avg":1426.5681,"converged":null},{"variant":"turb_sst","wind_from_deg":270,"cells":286544,"yplus_avg":1679.1567,"converged":"SIMPLE solution converged in 383 iterations"}],"check":{"vs_generic_rmse":0.42,"vs_simple_rmse":0.63}},"leed":{"sDA300_50_avg_%":40.6,"ASE1000_250_avg_%":1.6,"points":1,"every_space_55":false,"ase_ok":true,"spaces_below_40":["Living (front half)","Bedroom 2","Bedroom 3","Kitchen"]},"leed_rows":[{"zone":"Living (front half)","kind":"living","area_m2":21.2,"sDA300_50_%":2.0,"ASE1000_250_%":0.0,"points_if_alone":0},{"zone":"TV / dining (rear half)","kind":"living","area_m2":23.4,"sDA300_50_%":100.0,"ASE1000_250_%":0.0,"points_if_alone":3},{"zone":"Bedroom 1","kind":"bedroom","area_m2":15.4,"sDA300_50_%":100.0,"ASE1000_250_%":10.0,"points_if_alone":3},{"zone":"Bedroom 2","kind":"bedroom","area_m2":14.4,"sDA300_50_%":0.0,"ASE1000_250_%":0.0,"points_if_alone":0},{"zone":"Bedroom 3","kind":"bedroom","area_m2":14.1,"sDA300_50_%":8.0,"ASE1000_250_%":0.0,"points_if_alone":0},{"zone":"Kitchen","kind":"kitchen","area_m2":10.8,"sDA300_50_%":0.0,"ASE1000_250_%":0.0,"points_if_alone":0},{"zone":"WHOLE HOUSE (area-weighted)","kind":null,"area_m2":99.3,"sDA300_50_%":40.6,"ASE1000_250_%":1.6,"points_if_alone":1}],"methods":{"en":{"engine_details":{"fast":{"name":"Fast engine (Python, this project)","uses":"Sun and shadows, daylight (lux, lumens, sDA, ASE), window sizes and cross-ventilation hours, indoor temperature, comfort, air-conditioning / heating energy and cost, materials and upgrade scenarios (sections 2 to 7).","params":["8,760 hourly steps of the typical weather year; sensor grid 0.5 m at 0.76 m height","Daylight: luminous efficacy 100 lm/W (direct) and 115 lm/W (diffuse), mean reflectance 0.55, utilisation factor 0.45, maintenance factor 0.8","Thermal: surface film resistances 0.04 (outside), 0.13 (wall), 0.17 (ceiling and floor) m²K/W; outside film coefficient 17 W/m²K; wall solar absorptance 0.45; glass U, g and VT from the catalogue","Comfort: ASHRAE 55 adaptive band, 80% and 90% acceptability; running-mean outdoor temperature limited to 10-33.5 °C","Cooling: set point and schedules per room type (project.json), COP and tariff as stated in section 5.3; windows closed while the equipment runs"],"formulas":["Lumens to install = lux × area ÷ (utilisation 0.45 × maintenance 0.8)","Comfort temperature = 0.31 × T(outdoor running mean) + 17.8 °C; comfortable band = ± 3.5 °C (80%) or ± 2.5 °C (90%)","Operative temperature = (air temperature + mean surface temperature) ÷ 2","Electricity = heat removed ÷ COP; yearly cost = electricity × tariff","Fixed brise: shadow depth = overhang × tan(profile angle); movable blinds: solar gain × 0.3 when the sun on the window exceeds 250 W/m²","sDA300/50% = share of the floor area with at least 300 lux for 50% of the occupied hours; ASE1000,250 = share of the area with 1,000 lux of direct sun for more than 250 hours"],"refs":[["ASHRAE Standard 55: thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy (adaptive comfort model)","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines"],["ABNT NBR 15575 (Residential buildings - performance) and NBR 15220 (Thermal performance of buildings)","https://www.abntcatalogo.com.br"],["EN 17037: Daylight in buildings","https://standards.cencenelec.eu"],["ANSI/IES LM-83-23: sDA and ASE","https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiieslm8323"],["Embree ray-tracing kernels (Intel)","https://github.com/embree/embree"],["IfcOpenShell: open-source IFC toolkit","https://ifcopenshell.org"],["pvlib python: a Python package for modeling solar energy systems (Holmgren, Hansen, Mikofski, JOSS 2018)","https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00884"],["Numba: JIT compiler for Python","https://numba.pydata.org"]]},"energyplus":{"name":"EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork","uses":"Cross-check of comfort and energy of the upgrade packages (section 7.4) and the whole NBR 15575-1:2021 simulation: PHFT, hottest and coldest operative temperature, thermal load, air changes through the openings (section 6.4).","params":["One thermal zone per room plus a ventilated attic zone; walls shared between rooms; conduction transfer functions for every layer","Windows as simple glazing systems; real eaves as shading surfaces","AirflowNetwork: every window, open door and crack is a flow path; wind pressure coefficients from the OpenFOAM CFD (24 directions), wind speed at the opening height from the power-law profile (exponent 0.22)","NBR 15575 run: occupancy, lighting and equipment from the tables of the standard; windows open only while the room is occupied, the room air is at least 19 °C and warmer than outdoors; bathroom windows open","Thermal-load run: windows closed, ideal air conditioner at 23 °C (cooling) and 21 °C (heating) while occupied","Operative-temperature band 18-26 °C because the annual mean temperature of the weather file is below 25 °C","Openings (SimpleOpening): discharge coefficient 0.6, opening factor = openable fraction of the window (0.5 sliding), closed-leak coefficient 0.00063 kg/s (windows) and 0.0024 kg/s (doors) at 1 Pa, exponent 0.63 / 0.59; attic eave openings 0.4% of the floor area (crack 0.0019 kg/s per m² of floor, exponent 0.65)","Ventilation study (section 6.4): six full-year runs of the same model with floor-plan changes (doors closed, grille above the doors, casement windows 90% open, 0.2 m² ceiling grille per room with eave openings 5× larger, and the last two together) plus a run with the windows closed; the flow through each opening is read hour by hour (AFN Linkage Node Volume Flow Rate)","Wind sectors of the flow arrows: eight sectors of 45° centred on N, NE, ... NW, using the wind direction of the weather file; hot hours = windows open and mean operative temperature of the bedrooms and living room above 26 °C"],"formulas":["PHFT = occupied hours with 18 °C ≤ operative temperature ≤ 26 °C ÷ occupied hours × 100","Minimum level: PHFT(real) > 0.9 × PHFT(reference); T(max,real) ≤ T(max,ref) + 2 °C; T(min,real) ≥ T(min,ref) − 1 °C","ΔPHFT = PHFT(real) − PHFT(reference); the intermediate and superior levels need ΔPHFT ≥ 45 − 0.58 × PHFT(reference)","Load reduction = (load of the reference − load of the real house) ÷ load of the reference","Airflow through an opening (AirflowNetwork, large vertical opening): driven by the pressure difference ΔP = wind pressure (Cp × ½ρU²) ± stack pressure (ρ g Δh ΔT/T) between the two sides","Air changes per hour (ACH) = air volume entering through the exterior openings in one hour ÷ room volume","Flow through an opening: Q = Cd × A × opening factor × √(2 ΔP / ρ), with ΔP from the wind and stack pressures above; a crack follows Q = C × ΔP^n","Heat carried out by ventilation = ρ cp Σ V(out) × (T(zone) − T(outdoor)), with ρ cp = 1.2 × 1005 J/(m³·K), summed over every exterior opening and ceiling-to-attic path, hour by hour (kWh per year)","Exhaust effectiveness η = (T(closed) − T(ventilated)) ÷ (T(closed) − T(outdoor)), the operative temperatures of a room in the occupied hours when the closed house is above 26 °C and more than 1 °C above outdoors; 0 = ventilation does not cool, 1 = the room follows the outdoor air","Degree-hours = Σ max(T(operative) − 26 °C, 0) over the occupied hours"],"refs":[["EnergyPlus (US Department of Energy, NREL)","https://energyplus.net"],["ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140: Standard method of test for the evaluation of building energy analysis computer programs","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-140"],["EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork and surface-averaged wind pressure coefficients of Swami and Chandra (1987), EnergyPlus Engineering Reference","https://energyplus.net/documentation"],["ABNT NBR 15575-1:2021 section 11.4 (thermal performance by simulation) and its public amendment draft (LabEEE, March 2021)","https://labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/documents/P_ABNTNBR15575_1_2020CNGPR_PosCN_SiteLabEEE.pdf"]]},"radiance":{"name":"Radiance","uses":"Daylight cross-check of the fast engine: sDA300/50%, ASE1000,250, mean lux and the LEED daylight points (section 8.1).","params":["Two-phase daylight coefficients (rfluxmtx), 4 light bounces","Perez all-weather sky built from the weather file (gendaymtx), 2,305 sky patches, 8,760 hours","Blind rule per room: blinds closed (5% transmittance) when more than 2% of the room gets 1,000 lux of direct sun","Glass transmittance 0.80 for the whole opening; no furniture, frames, neighbours or trees"],"formulas":["Illuminance at a sensor = Σ (daylight coefficient × sky patch luminance), summed over the 2,305 patches for every hour","sDA and ASE as defined by IES LM-83 (same definitions as the fast engine)"],"refs":[["Radiance Synthetic Imaging System (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)","https://www.radiance-online.org"],["CIE 171:2006 Test cases to assess the accuracy of lighting computer programs","https://cie.co.at/publications/test-cases-assess-accuracy-lighting-computer-programs"],["Perez et al. (1993): all-weather model for sky luminance distribution","https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(93)90017-I"],["ANSI/IES LM-83-23: sDA and ASE","https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiieslm8323"]]},"openfoam":{"name":"OpenFOAM (CFD)","uses":"Wind pressure coefficients (Cp) in front of every window, door and eave opening, for 24 wind directions; they feed the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork (section 6.4 and 6.5).","params":["Steady incompressible RANS (simpleFoam), standard k-epsilon turbulence model, wall functions","Atmospheric boundary-layer inlet: 10 m/s at 10 m, roughness length z0 = 0.3 m (suburban)","Domain 6H upstream, 15H downstream, 5H to each side, 6H above (H = building height); snappyHexMesh, 0.15 m cells on the house, coarser around the lot walls and neighbours","Surroundings: lot walls and neighbouring buildings as closed boxes with heights estimated from photographs","Convergence: residuals p 1e-5, U 1e-6, k and epsilon 1e-5; pressure is the mean of the last 20 iterations"],"formulas":["Cp = p ÷ (½ ρ U_EP(z)²), with U_EP(z) = U10 × (z ÷ 10)^0.22 the wind profile EnergyPlus uses","Cp(EnergyPlus) = Cp(CFD) × (U_CFD(z) ÷ U_EP(z))², the correction for the different wind profiles (factor 0.39 to 0.79 with height)","Reynolds-averaged momentum: ∇·(U U) = −∇p/ρ + ∇·[(ν + ν_t)(∇U + ∇Uᵀ)], with ν_t = Cμ k² ÷ ε and Cμ = 0.09"],"refs":[["OpenFOAM v2312 (OpenCFD / ESI Group), computational wind engineering with RANS k-epsilon","https://www.openfoam.com"],["EN 1991-1-4: Eurocode 1, wind actions (table 7.1, pressure coefficients of vertical walls of rectangular buildings)","https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu"],["EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork and surface-averaged wind pressure coefficients of Swami and Chandra (1987), EnergyPlus Engineering Reference","https://energyplus.net/documentation"]]}},"engine_registry":{"fast":{"name":"Fast engine (Python, this project)","short":"Fast engine"},"energyplus":{"name":"EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork","short":"EnergyPlus"},"radiance":{"name":"Radiance","short":"Radiance"},"openfoam":{"name":"OpenFOAM (CFD)","short":"OpenFOAM"},"model":{"name":"3D model (IFC) and tables","short":"3D model"}},"levels":[{"code":"not met","name":"Not met","color":"#e74c3c","asks":"The PHFT is 90% of the reference house or less, or the hottest / coldest operative temperature is more than 2 °C / 1 °C worse than the reference.","life":"The house is clearly worse than the standard reference: more hot afternoons and cold nights indoors, and the air conditioner has to carry the comfort most of the year."},{"code":"M","name":"Minimum","color":"#f2c94c","asks":"PHFT above 90% of the reference house; hottest operative temperature at most 2 °C above the reference and coldest at most 1 °C below it.","life":"About as comfortable as a house built with the reference materials (100 mm walls, tile and slab roof). On hot afternoons and cold dawns the rooms leave the 18-26 °C band; expect to use the fan or the air conditioner on many days and to wear a jacket on cold mornings."},{"code":"I","name":"Intermediate","color":"#8bc34a","asks":"Everything of the minimum level, plus a PHFT gain over the reference house (ΔPHFT) of at least 45 − 0.58 × PHFT of the reference (single-family house) and a reduction of the annual heating and cooling load (table 20).","life":"Noticeably more hours inside the comfortable band without any equipment, rooms that stay cooler in the afternoon and warmer at dawn, and a smaller air-conditioning bill. The air conditioner becomes a help for the hottest days, not a daily need."},{"code":"S","name":"Superior","color":"#2e9e5b","asks":"Everything of the intermediate level, with a load reduction of 35% (reference load below 100 kWh/m²·year) or 55% (above), or a PHFT of 95% or more.","life":"The house holds a comfortable temperature almost by itself: few hot or cold hours, the air conditioner is rarely needed and, when it is, a small unit is enough. This is the level that pays back in the bill."}],"intro":"This section tells you how the numbers were produced, so you can judge how far to trust them. The fast engine is open-source Python code written for this project; it is cross-checked with three open-source reference engines: Radiance (daylight), EnergyPlus (heat, energy and NBR 15575) and OpenFOAM (wind pressure). The fast sub-models are standard in building physics but simplified. Nothing here has been measured on the real building.","validation":"Validation status: the code is checked by regression tests (the base case must not change when a feature is added) and by sanity checks of sun geometry and energy balance; it has NOT been validated against measurements, and the reference engines were run on a simplified version of the model (see their limits). For a permit, certification or investment decision, confirm with a simulation by a qualified professional (e.g. EnergyPlus, Radiance).","modules":[{"key":"geometry","title":"3D model and orientation","text":"The building is read from an IFC file (IfcOpenShell). Rooms are the IfcSpace volumes; walls, slabs, roofs, windows and doors become triangle meshes. The model is rotated so that true north comes from the IFC True North (plus an optional correction).","conf":"high","conf_label":"High","conf_color":"#2e9e5b","why":"Exact as far as the model is exact: sizes, window positions and materials are estimates unless the model comes from a survey."},{"key":"sun","title":"Sun position and shadows","text":"Solar position for each of the 8,760 hours with pvlib (NREL SPA-based algorithm). From a grid of sensor points (0.5 m, at 0.76 m height) in every room a ray is traced towards the sun against all opaque elements with Embree (a ray-tracing library): blocked = shadow; a ray through a window is attenuated by the window transmittance.","conf":"high","conf_label":"High","conf_color":"#2e9e5b","why":"Sun geometry is deterministic; the result is only as good as the geometry (neighbours and trees count only if they are in the model)."},{"key":"weather","title":"Weather","text":"A typical meteorological year of hourly data (EnergyPlus .epw such as TMYx from climate.onebuilding.org, or a typical year from PVGIS): temperature, humidity, direct/diffuse/global radiation, wind speed and direction.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"A typical year is not a forecast: real years are hotter or colder. Wind data are for open terrain at 10 m."},{"key":"daylight","title":"Daylight (lux and lumens)","text":"Illuminance on the work plane = direct sun (ray traced) + sky light (isotropic sky, sky-view factor by ray tracing) + an inter-reflected component (split-flux method, mean reflectance 0.55). Radiation is converted to lux with luminous efficacies of 100 lm/W (direct) and 115 lm/W (diffuse). Lamp lumens use the lumen method: lux x area / (utilisation 0.45 x maintenance 0.8). Metrics: NBR 15575 centre-of-room lux, sDA300/50% and ASE1000,250 (IES LM-83), EN 17037 sunlight hours.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"The isotropic sky ignores the brighter sky near the sun and split-flux overestimates light deep in the rooms: the Radiance cross-check gives an area-weighted sDA of 6% against 41% here. Use it only for quick comparisons."},{"key":"radiance","title":"Reference engine for daylight: Radiance","text":"The same rooms and sensor points are recalculated with Radiance (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), a backward ray tracer validated against the CIE 171:2006 test cases and the engine behind ClimateStudio and Honeybee. Method: two-phase daylight coefficients (rfluxmtx, 4 light bounces) multiplied by a Perez all-weather sky built from the weather file (gendaymtx, 2,305 patches) for all 8,760 hours; sDA300/50% and ASE1000,250 as in IES LM-83, with the blind rule approximated per room (blinds closed, 5% transmittance, when more than 2% of the room gets 1,000 lux of direct sun). A sensor above the roof checks the sky: it reproduces the weather file's illuminance within about 2%.","conf":"high","conf_label":"High","conf_color":"#2e9e5b","why":"Validated engine; what is still missing in the run is furniture, frames, the glass-door lattice, neighbours and trees, and the blind rule is simplified. Prefer these numbers over the fast daylight engine."},{"key":"energyplus","title":"Reference engine for heat and energy: EnergyPlus","text":"The retrofit packages are recalculated with EnergyPlus (US Department of Energy), the heat-balance engine validated by ASHRAE Standard 140 and used inside DesignBuilder and OpenStudio. One zone per room plus a ventilated attic zone above it; walls shared between rooms; conduction transfer functions for every layer; windows as simple glazing systems; the real eaves as shading surfaces; window ventilation by wind and buoyancy (windows 50% open when the outside air is cooler and above 18 C); an ideal-loads air conditioner with the same set point, schedules and COP as the fast engine. Comfort comes from a free-floating run (ASHRAE 55 adaptive), energy from a second run with the air conditioner.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Validated engine, but the model is simplified: flat roof with the same attic volume, no internal gains, no door opening, no neighbours' shade, window glass properties assumed, not calibrated with measurements. Compare options; do not treat the bill as a forecast."},{"key":"nbr15575","title":"NBR 15575-1:2021 by simulation and cross ventilation (EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork)","text":"A real model and a reference model of the house are simulated for the 8,760 hours with EnergyPlus. Natural ventilation is solved by the AirflowNetwork: windows, open doors and cracks are flow paths driven by wind pressure (Swami and Chandra facade coefficients for a low-rise building, local wind speed at the opening height), stack effect and opening height; windows open only while the room is occupied, when the room is at least 19 C and warmer than outdoors; bathroom windows stay open. Occupancy, lighting and equipment follow the standard's tables; a second run with windows closed and an ideal air conditioner (23 C cooling / 21 C heating while occupied) gives the thermal load. PHFT, hottest and coldest operative temperature and load reduction give the minimum, intermediate and superior levels.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Follows section 11.4 of NBR 15575-1:2021 (full text, tables checked against the public amendment draft); the bioclimatic zone of Maringa in NBR 15220-3:2024 comes from a non-official article; our assumptions are listed in the report (transient rooms, open doors, ground temperature). The wind pressure coefficients come from the OpenFOAM CFD of this house with its lot walls and neighbours (heights estimated), not from a wind-tunnel test. Not an official compliance report."},{"key":"ventilation","title":"Air circulation, floor-plan changes and hot-air exhaust (EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork)","text":"The same airflow network is run for the whole year with several floor-plan changes (doors closed, grille above the doors, casement windows, ceiling exhaust). The flow through each window, door, grille and ceiling opening is read hour by hour and averaged for the hours with open windows, the hot hours and each wind direction, which gives the arrows on the plan. Exhaust effectiveness compares the operative temperature of each room with a run with the windows closed and with the outdoor temperature; the heat carried out by the air is rho cp V (T zone - T outdoor).","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"The flows are averages between rooms (one air node per room, no velocity field and no air-age or stagnant-zone calculation); the wind pressure comes from the CFD of the outside only, with closed openings, and the grille, ceiling opening and casement fraction are idealised sizes, not products. Good for ranking plan changes (differences between variants are more reliable than absolute flows); not a replacement for an interior CFD or a smoke test."},{"key":"openfoam","title":"Wind pressure on the facades: OpenFOAM (CFD)","text":"For each of 24 wind directions (every 15 degrees) the house (a closed envelope rebuilt from the IFC roofs, eaves and porches) is placed in a computational domain (6H upstream, 15H downstream, 5H to the sides, 6H above, H = building height) and meshed with snappyHexMesh (1.2 to 2.0 million cells, 0.15 m on the house, coarser around the lot walls and neighbours). OpenFOAM v2312 solves the steady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k-epsilon turbulence model, an atmospheric-boundary-layer inlet (10 m/s at 10 m, roughness length 0.3 m) and rough-ground wall functions. The lot walls and the neighbouring buildings are included as closed boxes (heights estimated from photographs). The pressure 0.3 m in front of every window, door and eave opening, converted to a coefficient of the dynamic pressure of the EnergyPlus wind profile (power law, suburban terrain) at that height, gives the wind pressure coefficients handed to the EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork. A numerical verification (three meshes, roughness, domain size, a box compared with the Eurocode) gives the uncertainty of each coefficient. It runs in a Docker container.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"RANS k-epsilon is the usual engineering model for mean wind loads on buildings and OpenFOAM is validated for it, but this run uses the real roof shape, lot walls and neighbours whose heights are estimates from photographs, no trees, a single approach roughness and a mesh of moderate size; no wind-tunnel check was made."},{"key":"thermal","title":"Indoor temperature (thermal model)","text":"Each room is a lumped heat-balance model solved hour by hour (Python, compiled with Numba): wall, ceiling and floor layers as heat-storage nodes (resistances and capacities from the layer conductivity, density, specific heat and thickness, ISO 6946 / NBR 15220-2 style), sol-air temperature on the outside surfaces, a ventilated attic, windows (U-value, solar gain), ventilation (infiltration when closed, cross-ventilation by wind when open, rooms linked through doors) and thermal mass. Operative temperature = mean of air and surface temperature. Comfort uses the ASHRAE 55 adaptive model (80% and 90% acceptability) and the NBR 15575 hottest/coldest-day checks.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"A simplified one-zone-per-room model, not calibrated with measurements. It is cross-checked against EnergyPlus for the retrofit packages (see the EnergyPlus step): the engines agree on the ranking of measures but EnergyPlus gives about half the air-conditioning energy. Use it for quick comparisons, not as an exact forecast."},{"key":"energy","title":"Air-conditioning / heating energy and cost","text":"When the room is above the cooling set point (or below the heating set point) during its schedule, the model adds the heat flow needed to hold the set point; electricity = heat / COP (cooling) or fuel = heat / efficiency (heating), cost = energy x tariff. Windows are closed while the equipment runs. Sensible heat only; no people, appliances or lighting heat.","conf":"low","conf_label":"Low","conf_color":"#f2994a","why":"Real bills differ: latent load, occupants' habits, equipment efficiency and the tariff (an assumption) all matter. Treat the cost as an order of magnitude and as a way to compare options."},{"key":"wind","title":"Wind and cross-ventilation","text":"Wind roses from the weather file; each window is classified windward / leeward / side-on for each hour; rooms whose connected windows face both the wind and the lee are given more air changes. No pressure calculation (the CFD and the AirflowNetwork are used only in section 6.4).","conf":"low","conf_label":"Low","conf_color":"#f2994a","why":"A rule-based estimate: wind at the house is lower and more turbulent than at the weather station; no pressure-driven flow calculation."},{"key":"retrofit","title":"Upgrade scenarios","text":"Each upgrade changes the base model and the whole year is simulated again: roof insulation adds a conduction layer (thickness / conductivity) on the attic side of the ceiling; draught sealing lowers the closed-house air change rate; glazing changes the window U-value, solar gain factor and visible transmittance; a fixed brise cuts direct sun by the shadow depth = overhang x tan(profile angle); movable blinds multiply the solar gain by 0.3 whenever the sun on the window is above 250 W/m2 during the day.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Good for ranking options (differences between scenarios are more reliable than absolute values). Material properties are catalogue values; their confidence is shown next to each value. Shading is analytic, not ray traced."},{"key":"rating","title":"Ratings and LEED pre-assessment","text":"Numbers are compared with ABNT norms where they exist (NBR 15575, NBR 15220, NBR 5413, NBR 16401), international standards otherwise (EN 17037, IES LM-83, ASHRAE 55, WHO) and a few rules of thumb that are labelled as such. The LEED v4.1 daylight points follow Option 1 (sDA300/50% and ASE1000,250).","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Medium","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Several norm values were read from public summaries or amendment drafts, not the full ABNT texts; the LEED result is an indicative pre-assessment, not a certification."}],"software":{"Python":"3.11.9","NumPy":"2.4.6","pandas":"3.0.6","pvlib":"0.16.1","trimesh":"5.1.1","Embree (embreex)":"4.4.0","IfcOpenShell":"0.9.0","Shapely":"2.2.0","Numba":"0.68.0","Matplotlib":"3.11.2","SciPy":"1.17.1","EnergyPlus":"26.2.0","Radiance":"6.0.2","OpenFOAM":"v2312 (Docker)"},"references":[["pvlib python: a Python package for modeling solar energy systems (Holmgren, Hansen, Mikofski, JOSS 2018)","https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00884"],["PVGIS typical meteorological year (European Commission JRC)","https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/"],["Climate.OneBuilding.Org: TMYx weather files","https://climate.onebuilding.org"],["Embree ray-tracing kernels (Intel)","https://github.com/embree/embree"],["IfcOpenShell: open-source IFC toolkit","https://ifcopenshell.org"],["Numba: JIT compiler for Python","https://numba.pydata.org"],["ASHRAE Standard 55: thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy (adaptive comfort model)","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines"],["ABNT NBR 15575 (Residential buildings - performance) and NBR 15220 (Thermal performance of buildings)","https://www.abntcatalogo.com.br"],["EN 17037: Daylight in buildings","https://standards.cencenelec.eu"],["Radiance Synthetic Imaging System (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)","https://www.radiance-online.org"],["CIE 171:2006 Test cases to assess the accuracy of lighting computer programs","https://cie.co.at/publications/test-cases-assess-accuracy-lighting-computer-programs"],["EnergyPlus (US Department of Energy, NREL)","https://energyplus.net"],["ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140: Standard method of test for the evaluation of building energy analysis computer programs","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-140"],["Perez et al. (1993): all-weather model for sky luminance distribution","https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(93)90017-I"],["EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork and surface-averaged wind pressure coefficients of Swami and Chandra (1987), EnergyPlus Engineering Reference","https://energyplus.net/documentation"],["ABNT NBR 15575-1:2021 section 11.4 (thermal performance by simulation) and its public amendment draft (LabEEE, March 2021)","https://labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/documents/P_ABNTNBR15575_1_2020CNGPR_PosCN_SiteLabEEE.pdf"],["OpenFOAM v2312 (OpenCFD / ESI Group), computational wind engineering with RANS k-epsilon","https://www.openfoam.com"],["ANSI/IES LM-83-23: sDA and ASE","https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiieslm8323"],["USGBC LEED v4.1 Daylight credit (Option 1: simulation)","https://leeduser.buildinggreen.com/credit/CI-v4.1/EQc7"],["AIVC: air infiltration reduction by weatherstripping retrofits","https://www.aivc.org/resource/reduction-air-infiltration-due-window-and-door-retrofits-older-home"],["WHO Housing and Health Guidelines (2018)","https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550376"],["EN 1991-1-4: Eurocode 1, wind actions (table 7.1, pressure coefficients of vertical walls of rectangular buildings)","https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu"]],"labels":{"software":"Software used","modules":"Calculation steps and how reliable each is","refs":"References","conf":"Reliability","why":"Why"},"engines":[{"key":"radiance","name":"Radiance","version":"6.0.2","logo":"assets/logos/radiance.png","url":"https://www.radiance-online.org","role":"Daylight: sDA, ASE, LEED (LM-83)"},{"key":"energyplus","name":"EnergyPlus","version":"26.2.0","logo":"assets/logos/energyplus.png","url":"https://energyplus.net","role":"Heat, energy and NBR 15575 (PHFT)"},{"key":"openfoam","name":"OpenFOAM","version":"v2312 (Docker)","logo":"assets/logos/openfoam.png","url":"https://www.openfoam.com","role":"Wind CFD: pressure on the openings"}]},"pt":{"engine_details":{"fast":{"name":"Motor rápido (Python, deste projeto)","uses":"Sol e sombras, luz natural (lux, lumens, sDA, ASE), tamanho das janelas e horas de ventilação cruzada, temperatura interna, conforto, energia e custo de ar-condicionado / aquecimento, materiais e cenários de melhoria (seções 2 a 7).","params":["8.760 passos horários do ano climático típico; grade de sensores de 0,5 m a 0,76 m de altura","Luz natural: eficácia luminosa de 100 lm/W (direta) e 115 lm/W (difusa), refletância média 0,55, fator de utilização 0,45, fator de manutenção 0,8","Térmico: resistências superficiais 0,04 (externa), 0,13 (parede), 0,17 (forro e piso) m²K/W; coeficiente superficial externo 17 W/m²K; absortância solar da parede 0,45; U, g e VT do vidro vindos do catálogo","Conforto: faixa adaptativa da ASHRAE 55, aceitabilidade de 80% e 90%; temperatura externa média móvel limitada a 10-33,5 °C","Refrigeração: ponto de ajuste e horários por tipo de ambiente (project.json), COP e tarifa como na seção 5.3; janelas fechadas com o equipamento ligado"],"formulas":["Lumens a instalar = lux × área ÷ (utilização 0,45 × manutenção 0,8)","Temperatura de conforto = 0,31 × T(externa média móvel) + 17,8 °C; faixa confortável = ± 3,5 °C (80%) ou ± 2,5 °C (90%)","Temperatura operativa = (temperatura do ar + temperatura radiante média das superfícies) ÷ 2","Eletricidade = calor retirado ÷ COP; custo anual = eletricidade × tarifa","Brise fixo: profundidade da sombra = beiral × tan(ângulo de perfil); persiana móvel: ganho solar × 0,3 quando o sol na janela passa de 250 W/m²","sDA300/50% = parcela da área do piso com pelo menos 300 lux em 50% das horas ocupadas; ASE1000,250 = parcela da área com 1.000 lux de sol direto por mais de 250 horas"],"refs":[["ASHRAE Standard 55: thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy (adaptive comfort model)","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines"],["ABNT NBR 15575 (Residential buildings - performance) and NBR 15220 (Thermal performance of buildings)","https://www.abntcatalogo.com.br"],["EN 17037: Daylight in buildings","https://standards.cencenelec.eu"],["ANSI/IES LM-83-23: sDA and ASE","https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiieslm8323"],["Embree ray-tracing kernels (Intel)","https://github.com/embree/embree"],["IfcOpenShell: open-source IFC toolkit","https://ifcopenshell.org"],["pvlib python: a Python package for modeling solar energy systems (Holmgren, Hansen, Mikofski, JOSS 2018)","https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00884"],["Numba: JIT compiler for Python","https://numba.pydata.org"]]},"energyplus":{"name":"EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork","uses":"Conferência do conforto e da energia dos pacotes de melhoria (seção 7.4) e toda a simulação da NBR 15575-1:2021: PHFT, temperaturas operativas máxima e mínima, carga térmica e trocas de ar pelas aberturas (seção 6.4).","params":["Uma zona térmica por ambiente mais uma zona de forro ventilado; paredes compartilhadas entre ambientes; funções de transferência de condução para cada camada","Janelas como sistemas de vidro simples; beirais reais como superfícies de sombra","AirflowNetwork: cada janela, porta aberta e fresta é um caminho de ar; coeficientes de pressão do vento vindos do CFD do OpenFOAM (24 direções), velocidade do vento na altura da abertura pelo perfil de lei de potência (expoente 0,22)","Rodada da NBR 15575: ocupação, iluminação e equipamentos conforme as tabelas da norma; janelas abertas só com o ambiente ocupado, o ar a pelo menos 19 °C e mais quente que o externo; janelas dos banheiros abertas","Rodada da carga térmica: janelas fechadas, ar-condicionado ideal a 23 °C (refrigeração) e 21 °C (aquecimento) quando ocupado","Faixa de temperatura operativa de 18-26 °C porque a temperatura média anual do arquivo climático é menor que 25 °C","Aberturas (SimpleOpening): coeficiente de descarga 0,6, fator de abertura = fração abrível da janela (0,5 de correr), vazamento fechado 0,00063 kg/s (janelas) e 0,0024 kg/s (portas) a 1 Pa, expoente 0,63 / 0,59; aberturas de beiral do ático com 0,4% da área do piso (fresta de 0,0019 kg/s por m² de piso, expoente 0,65)","Estudo de ventilação (seção 6.4): seis simulações do ano inteiro do mesmo modelo com alterações da planta (portas fechadas, grelha acima das portas, janelas de abrir com 90% de abertura, grelha de 0,2 m² no forro de cada ambiente com beirais 5× maiores, e as duas últimas juntas) mais uma simulação com as janelas fechadas; a vazão por cada abertura é lida hora a hora (AFN Linkage Node Volume Flow Rate)","Setores de vento das setas de fluxo: oito setores de 45° centrados em N, NE, ... NO, com a direção do vento do arquivo climático; horas quentes = janelas abertas e temperatura operativa média dos quartos e da sala acima de 26 °C"],"formulas":["PHFT = horas ocupadas com 18 °C ≤ temperatura operativa ≤ 26 °C ÷ horas ocupadas × 100","Nível mínimo: PHFT(real) > 0,9 × PHFT(referência); T(máx,real) ≤ T(máx,ref) + 2 °C; T(mín,real) ≥ T(mín,ref) − 1 °C","ΔPHFT = PHFT(real) − PHFT(referência); os níveis intermediário e superior exigem ΔPHFT ≥ 45 − 0,58 × PHFT(referência)","Redução da carga = (carga da referência − carga da casa real) ÷ carga da referência","Vazão por uma abertura (AirflowNetwork, abertura vertical grande): movida pela diferença de pressão ΔP = pressão do vento (Cp × ½ρU²) ± pressão de empuxo (ρ g Δh ΔT/T) entre os dois lados","Trocas de ar por hora (ACH) = volume de ar que entra pelas aberturas externas em uma hora ÷ volume do ambiente","Vazão por uma abertura: Q = Cd × A × fator de abertura × √(2 ΔP / ρ), com ΔP das pressões de vento e de empuxo acima; uma fresta segue Q = C × ΔP^n","Calor retirado pela ventilação = ρ cp Σ V(saída) × (T(zona) − T(externa)), com ρ cp = 1,2 × 1005 J/(m³·K), somado em todas as aberturas externas e caminhos forro-ático, hora a hora (kWh por ano)","Efetividade de exaustão η = (T(fechada) − T(ventilada)) ÷ (T(fechada) − T(externa)), com as temperaturas operativas de um ambiente nas horas ocupadas em que a casa fechada passa de 26 °C e está mais de 1 °C acima da externa; 0 = a ventilação não resfria, 1 = o ambiente acompanha o ar externo","Graus-hora = Σ máx(T(operativa) − 26 °C, 0) nas horas ocupadas"],"refs":[["EnergyPlus (US Department of Energy, NREL)","https://energyplus.net"],["ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140: Standard method of test for the evaluation of building energy analysis computer programs","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-140"],["EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork and surface-averaged wind pressure coefficients of Swami and Chandra (1987), EnergyPlus Engineering Reference","https://energyplus.net/documentation"],["ABNT NBR 15575-1:2021 section 11.4 (thermal performance by simulation) and its public amendment draft (LabEEE, March 2021)","https://labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/documents/P_ABNTNBR15575_1_2020CNGPR_PosCN_SiteLabEEE.pdf"]]},"radiance":{"name":"Radiance","uses":"Conferência da luz natural do motor rápido: sDA300/50%, ASE1000,250, lux médio e pontos de luz natural do LEED (seção 8.1).","params":["Coeficientes de luz natural em duas fases (rfluxmtx), 4 reflexões","Céu de Perez construído a partir do arquivo climático (gendaymtx), 2.305 trechos de céu, 8.760 horas","Regra de persianas por ambiente: persianas fechadas (transmitância de 5%) quando mais de 2% do ambiente recebe 1.000 lux de sol direto","Transmitância do vidro de 0,80 para toda a abertura; sem mobiliário, caixilhos, vizinhos nem árvores"],"formulas":["Iluminância no sensor = Σ (coeficiente de luz natural × luminância do trecho de céu), somada nos 2.305 trechos em cada hora","sDA e ASE como definidos na IES LM-83 (mesmas definições do motor rápido)"],"refs":[["Radiance Synthetic Imaging System (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)","https://www.radiance-online.org"],["CIE 171:2006 Test cases to assess the accuracy of lighting computer programs","https://cie.co.at/publications/test-cases-assess-accuracy-lighting-computer-programs"],["Perez et al. (1993): all-weather model for sky luminance distribution","https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(93)90017-I"],["ANSI/IES LM-83-23: sDA and ASE","https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiieslm8323"]]},"openfoam":{"name":"OpenFOAM (CFD)","uses":"Coeficientes de pressão do vento (Cp) à frente de cada janela, porta e abertura de beiral, para 24 direções do vento; alimentam o AirflowNetwork do EnergyPlus (seções 6.4 e 6.5).","params":["RANS incompressível permanente (simpleFoam), modelo de turbulência k-epsilon padrão, funções de parede","Entrada com camada limite atmosférica: 10 m/s a 10 m, comprimento de rugosidade z0 = 0,3 m (suburbano)","Domínio de 6H a montante, 15H a jusante, 5H de cada lado, 6H acima (H = altura da edificação); snappyHexMesh, células de 0,15 m na casa, mais grossas em volta dos muros do lote e dos vizinhos","Entorno: muros do lote e edificações vizinhas como caixas fechadas com alturas estimadas por fotografias","Convergência: resíduos p 1e-5, U 1e-6, k e epsilon 1e-5; a pressão é a média das últimas 20 iterações"],"formulas":["Cp = p ÷ (½ ρ U_EP(z)²), com U_EP(z) = U10 × (z ÷ 10)^0,22 o perfil de vento que o EnergyPlus usa","Cp(EnergyPlus) = Cp(CFD) × (U_CFD(z) ÷ U_EP(z))², a correção pela diferença de perfis de vento (fator de 0,39 a 0,79 conforme a altura)","Quantidade de movimento com média de Reynolds: ∇·(U U) = −∇p/ρ + ∇·[(ν + ν_t)(∇U + ∇Uᵀ)], com ν_t = Cμ k² ÷ ε e Cμ = 0,09"],"refs":[["OpenFOAM v2312 (OpenCFD / ESI Group), computational wind engineering with RANS k-epsilon","https://www.openfoam.com"],["EN 1991-1-4: Eurocode 1, wind actions (table 7.1, pressure coefficients of vertical walls of rectangular buildings)","https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu"],["EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork and surface-averaged wind pressure coefficients of Swami and Chandra (1987), EnergyPlus Engineering Reference","https://energyplus.net/documentation"]]}},"engine_registry":{"fast":{"name":"Motor rápido (Python, deste projeto)","short":"Motor rápido"},"energyplus":{"name":"EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork","short":"EnergyPlus"},"radiance":{"name":"Radiance","short":"Radiance"},"openfoam":{"name":"OpenFOAM (CFD)","short":"OpenFOAM"},"model":{"name":"Modelo 3D (IFC) e tabelas","short":"Modelo 3D"}},"levels":[{"code":"not met","name":"Não atendido","color":"#e74c3c","asks":"O PHFT é 90% da casa de referência ou menos, ou a temperatura operativa máxima / mínima é pior que a da referência em mais de 2 °C / 1 °C.","life":"A casa é claramente pior que a referência da norma: mais tardes quentes e noites frias dentro de casa, e o ar-condicionado precisa garantir o conforto na maior parte do ano."},{"code":"M","name":"Mínimo","color":"#f2c94c","asks":"PHFT acima de 90% da casa de referência; temperatura operativa máxima no máximo 2 °C acima da referência e mínima no máximo 1 °C abaixo dela.","life":"Tão confortável quanto uma casa feita com os materiais de referência (paredes de 100 mm, cobertura de telha e laje). Nas tardes quentes e nas madrugadas frias os ambientes saem da faixa de 18 a 26 °C; espere usar ventilador ou ar-condicionado em muitos dias e agasalho nas manhãs frias."},{"code":"I","name":"Intermediário","color":"#8bc34a","asks":"Tudo do nível mínimo, mais um ganho de PHFT sobre a casa de referência (ΔPHFT) de pelo menos 45 − 0,58 × PHFT da referência (casa unifamiliar) e uma redução da carga térmica anual de aquecimento e refrigeração (tabela 20).","life":"Bem mais horas na faixa confortável sem nenhum equipamento, ambientes mais frescos à tarde e mais quentes de madrugada, e conta de ar-condicionado menor. O ar-condicionado passa a ser um reforço nos dias mais quentes, e não uma necessidade diária."},{"code":"S","name":"Superior","color":"#2e9e5b","asks":"Tudo do nível intermediário, com redução de carga de 35% (carga da referência abaixo de 100 kWh/m²·ano) ou 55% (acima), ou um PHFT de 95% ou mais.","life":"A casa mantém uma temperatura confortável quase sozinha: poucas horas de calor ou frio, o ar-condicionado raramente é necessário e, quando é, um aparelho pequeno basta. É o nível que se paga na conta de luz."}],"intro":"Esta seção conta como os números foram produzidos, para você julgar quanto confiar neles. O motor rápido é código Python aberto escrito para este projeto; ele é conferido com três motores de referência de código aberto: Radiance (luz natural), EnergyPlus (calor, energia e NBR 15575) e OpenFOAM (pressão do vento). Os submodelos rápidos são padrão em física das edificações, mas simplificados. Nada aqui foi medido no edifício real.","validation":"Situação da validação: o código é verificado por testes de regressão (o caso-base não pode mudar ao acrescentar um recurso) e por conferências da geometria solar e do balanço de energia; NÃO foi validado contra medições, e os motores de referência rodaram sobre uma versão simplificada do modelo (veja os limites de cada um). Para licença, certificação ou decisão de investimento, confirme com uma simulação feita por profissional qualificado (por exemplo EnergyPlus, Radiance).","modules":[{"key":"geometry","title":"Modelo 3D e orientação","text":"O edifício é lido de um arquivo IFC (IfcOpenShell). Os ambientes são os volumes IfcSpace; paredes, lajes, telhados, janelas e portas viram malhas de triângulos. O modelo é girado para que o norte verdadeiro venha do Norte Verdadeiro do IFC (mais uma correção opcional).","conf":"high","conf_label":"Alta","conf_color":"#2e9e5b","why":"Tão exato quanto o modelo: tamanhos, posição das janelas e materiais são estimativas, a menos que o modelo venha de um levantamento."},{"key":"sun","title":"Posição do sol e sombras","text":"Posição solar para cada uma das 8.760 horas com o pvlib (algoritmo baseado no NREL SPA). A partir de uma grade de pontos sensores (0,5 m, a 0,76 m de altura) em cada ambiente, traça-se um raio em direção ao sol contra todos os elementos opacos com o Embree (biblioteca de traçado de raios): bloqueado = sombra; um raio que passa por uma janela é atenuado pela transmitância dela.","conf":"high","conf_label":"Alta","conf_color":"#2e9e5b","why":"A geometria do sol é determinística; o resultado só é tão bom quanto a geometria (vizinhos e árvores só contam se estiverem no modelo)."},{"key":"weather","title":"Clima","text":"Um ano meteorológico típico com dados horários (.epw do EnergyPlus, como o TMYx do climate.onebuilding.org, ou um ano típico do PVGIS): temperatura, umidade, radiação direta/difusa/global, velocidade e direção do vento.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Um ano típico não é uma previsão: anos reais são mais quentes ou mais frios. Os dados de vento são de terreno aberto a 10 m."},{"key":"daylight","title":"Luz natural (lux e lumens)","text":"Iluminância no plano de trabalho = sol direto (traçado de raios) + luz do céu (céu isotrópico, fator de visão do céu por traçado de raios) + componente inter-refletida (método do fluxo dividido, refletância média 0,55). A radiação é convertida em lux com eficácias luminosas de 100 lm/W (direta) e 115 lm/W (difusa). Os lumens das lâmpadas usam o método dos lumens: lux x área / (utilização 0,45 x manutenção 0,8). Métricas: lux no centro do ambiente da NBR 15575, sDA300/50% e ASE1000,250 (IES LM-83), horas de sol da EN 17037.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"O céu isotrópico ignora o céu mais claro perto do sol e o fluxo dividido superestima a luz no fundo dos ambientes: a conferência com o Radiance dá sDA ponderado de 6% contra 41% aqui. Use-o só para comparações rápidas."},{"key":"radiance","title":"Motor de referência para luz natural: Radiance","text":"Os mesmos ambientes e pontos de medição são recalculados com o Radiance (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), um traçador de raios reverso validado nos casos de teste da CIE 171:2006 e o motor por trás do ClimateStudio e do Honeybee. Método: coeficientes de luz natural em duas fases (rfluxmtx, 4 reflexões) multiplicados por um céu de Perez construído a partir do arquivo climático (gendaymtx, 2.305 trechos de céu) nas 8.760 horas; sDA300/50% e ASE1000,250 como na IES LM-83, com a regra de persianas aproximada por ambiente (persianas fechadas, transmitância de 5%, quando mais de 2% do ambiente recebe 1.000 lux de sol direto). Um sensor acima do telhado confere o céu: ele reproduz a iluminância do arquivo climático com diferença de cerca de 2%.","conf":"high","conf_label":"Alta","conf_color":"#2e9e5b","why":"Motor validado; o que ainda falta na rodada é mobiliário, caixilhos, a treliça da porta de vidro, vizinhos e árvores, e a regra de persianas é simplificada. Prefira estes números aos do motor rápido de luz natural."},{"key":"energyplus","title":"Motor de referência para calor e energia: EnergyPlus","text":"Os pacotes de melhoria são recalculados com o EnergyPlus (Departamento de Energia dos EUA), o motor de balanço de calor validado pela norma ASHRAE 140 e usado dentro do DesignBuilder e do OpenStudio. Uma zona por ambiente mais uma zona de forro ventilado acima dele; paredes compartilhadas entre ambientes; funções de transferência de condução para cada camada; janelas como sistemas de vidro simples; os beirais reais como superfícies de sombra; ventilação das janelas por vento e empuxo (janelas 50% abertas quando o ar externo está mais frio e acima de 18 C); um ar-condicionado ideal com o mesmo ponto de ajuste, horários e COP do motor rápido. O conforto vem de uma rodada sem climatização (adaptativo da ASHRAE 55) e a energia de uma segunda rodada com o ar-condicionado.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Motor validado, mas o modelo é simplificado: telhado plano com o mesmo volume de forro, sem ganhos internos, sem abertura de portas, sem sombra de vizinhos, propriedades do vidro supostas, sem calibração com medições. Compare opções; não trate a conta como previsão."},{"key":"nbr15575","title":"NBR 15575-1:2021 por simulação e ventilação cruzada (EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork)","text":"Um modelo real e um modelo de referência da casa são simulados nas 8.760 horas com o EnergyPlus. A ventilação natural é resolvida pela rede de fluxo de ar (AirflowNetwork): janelas, portas abertas e frestas são caminhos de ar movidos pela pressão do vento (coeficientes de fachada de Swami e Chandra para edificação baixa, velocidade local do vento na altura da abertura), pelo efeito chaminé e pela altura da abertura; as janelas abrem só com o ambiente ocupado, com o ar a pelo menos 19 C e mais quente que o externo; as janelas dos banheiros ficam abertas. Ocupação, iluminação e equipamentos seguem as tabelas da norma; uma segunda rodada com as janelas fechadas e ar-condicionado ideal (refrigeração a 23 C / aquecimento a 21 C quando ocupado) dá a carga térmica. PHFT, temperaturas operativas máxima e mínima e redução da carga dão os níveis mínimo, intermediário e superior.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Segue a seção 11.4 da NBR 15575-1:2021 (texto integral, tabelas conferidas com o projeto público de emenda); a zona bioclimática de Maringá na NBR 15220-3:2024 vem de um artigo não oficial; nossas suposições estão listadas no relatório (ambientes transitórios, portas abertas, temperatura do solo). Os coeficientes de pressão do vento vêm do CFD do OpenFOAM desta casa com seus muros e vizinhos (alturas estimadas), não de um ensaio em túnel de vento. Não é um laudo oficial de conformidade."},{"key":"ventilation","title":"Circulação do ar, alterações da planta e exaustão do ar quente (EnergyPlus + AirflowNetwork)","text":"A mesma rede de fluxo de ar é simulada no ano inteiro com várias alterações da planta (portas fechadas, grelha acima das portas, janelas de abrir, exaustão pelo forro). A vazão por cada janela, porta, grelha e abertura do forro é lida hora a hora e tirada a média das horas com janelas abertas, das horas quentes e de cada direção do vento, o que dá as setas na planta. A efetividade de exaustão compara a temperatura operativa de cada ambiente com uma simulação de janelas fechadas e com a temperatura externa; o calor retirado pelo ar é rho cp V (T zona - T externa).","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"As vazões são médias entre ambientes (um nó de ar por ambiente, sem campo de velocidade e sem idade do ar ou zonas de estagnação); a pressão do vento vem do CFD só do exterior, com as aberturas fechadas, e a grelha, a abertura do forro e a fração das janelas de abrir são tamanhos idealizados, não produtos. Bom para ordenar alterações da planta (as diferenças entre variantes são mais confiáveis que as vazões absolutas); não substitui um CFD interno nem um teste de fumaça."},{"key":"openfoam","title":"Pressão do vento nas fachadas: OpenFOAM (CFD)","text":"Para cada uma de 24 direções de vento (a cada 15 graus) a casa (invólucro fechado reconstruído dos telhados, beirais e varandas do IFC) é colocada em um domínio de cálculo (6H a montante, 15H a jusante, 5H nas laterais, 6H acima, H = altura da edificação) e malhada com o snappyHexMesh (1,2 a 2,0 milhões de células, 0,15 m na casa, mais grossas em volta dos muros do lote e dos vizinhos). O OpenFOAM v2312 resolve as equações de Navier-Stokes com média de Reynolds em regime permanente, com o modelo de turbulência k-epsilon padrão, entrada com camada limite atmosférica (10 m/s a 10 m, comprimento de rugosidade 0,3 m) e funções de parede para solo rugoso. Os muros do lote e as edificações vizinhas entram como caixas fechadas (alturas estimadas por fotografias). A pressão 0,3 m à frente de cada janela, porta e abertura de beiral, convertida em coeficiente da pressão dinâmica do perfil de vento do EnergyPlus (lei de potência, terreno suburbano) naquela altura, dá os coeficientes de pressão entregues à rede de fluxo de ar do EnergyPlus. Uma verificação numérica (três malhas, rugosidade, tamanho do domínio, uma caixa comparada com o Eurocódigo) dá a incerteza de cada coeficiente. Roda em um contêiner Docker.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"O RANS k-epsilon é o modelo de engenharia usual para cargas médias de vento em edificações e o OpenFOAM é validado para ele, mas esta rodada usa a forma real do telhado, os muros do lote e os vizinhos com alturas estimadas por fotografias, sem árvores, uma única rugosidade de aproximação e malha de tamanho moderado; não houve conferência com túnel de vento."},{"key":"thermal","title":"Temperatura interna (modelo térmico)","text":"Cada ambiente é um modelo de balanço térmico concentrado resolvido hora a hora (Python, compilado com Numba): camadas de parede, forro e piso como nós de armazenamento de calor (resistências e capacidades a partir da condutividade, densidade, calor específico e espessura, no estilo ISO 6946 / NBR 15220-2), temperatura sol-ar nas superfícies externas, sótão ventilado, janelas (U e ganho solar), ventilação (infiltração com tudo fechado, ventilação cruzada pelo vento com janelas abertas, ambientes ligados por portas) e massa térmica. Temperatura operativa = média da temperatura do ar e das superfícies. O conforto usa o modelo adaptativo da ASHRAE 55 (aceitabilidade de 80% e 90%) e as verificações de dia mais quente/frio da NBR 15575.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Um modelo simplificado de uma zona por ambiente, não calibrado com medições. Foi conferido contra o EnergyPlus nos pacotes de melhoria (veja a etapa do EnergyPlus): os motores concordam na ordem das medidas, mas o EnergyPlus dá cerca de metade da energia de ar-condicionado. Use-o para comparações rápidas, não como previsão exata."},{"key":"energy","title":"Energia e custo de ar-condicionado / aquecimento","text":"Quando o ambiente fica acima da temperatura de refrigeração (ou abaixo da de aquecimento) no seu horário de uso, o modelo soma o fluxo de calor necessário para manter a temperatura; eletricidade = calor / COP (refrigeração) ou combustível = calor / eficiência (aquecimento), custo = energia x tarifa. As janelas ficam fechadas com o equipamento ligado. Só calor sensível; sem calor de pessoas, aparelhos ou iluminação.","conf":"low","conf_label":"Baixa","conf_color":"#f2994a","why":"As contas reais diferem: carga latente, hábitos dos moradores, eficiência do equipamento e a tarifa (uma suposição) importam. Trate o custo como ordem de grandeza e como forma de comparar opções."},{"key":"wind","title":"Vento e ventilação cruzada","text":"Rosas dos ventos do arquivo climático; cada janela é classificada como a barlavento / sotavento / lateral a cada hora; ambientes cujas janelas conectadas ficam de frente para o vento e para o lado oposto recebem mais trocas de ar. Sem cálculo de pressão (o CFD e o AirflowNetwork são usados só na seção 6.4).","conf":"low","conf_label":"Baixa","conf_color":"#f2994a","why":"Uma estimativa por regras: o vento na casa é menor e mais turbulento que na estação; não há cálculo de escoamento por pressão."},{"key":"retrofit","title":"Cenários de melhoria","text":"Cada melhoria altera o modelo-base e o ano inteiro é simulado de novo: o isolamento do telhado soma uma camada de condução (espessura / condutividade) no lado do sótão do forro; a vedação reduz a taxa de trocas de ar com a casa fechada; o vidro altera o U da janela, o fator de ganho solar e a transmitância visível; o brise fixo corta o sol direto pela profundidade da sombra = beiral x tan(ângulo de perfil); persianas móveis multiplicam o ganho solar por 0,3 sempre que o sol na janela passa de 250 W/m2 durante o dia.","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Bom para ordenar opções (as diferenças entre cenários são mais confiáveis que os valores absolutos). As propriedades dos materiais são valores de catálogo; a confiança de cada valor aparece ao lado dele. O sombreamento é analítico, não por traçado de raios."},{"key":"rating","title":"Avaliações e pré-avaliação LEED","text":"Os números são comparados com normas da ABNT quando existem (NBR 15575, NBR 15220, NBR 5413, NBR 16401), com padrões internacionais nos demais casos (EN 17037, IES LM-83, ASHRAE 55, OMS) e com algumas regras práticas identificadas como tal. Os pontos de luz natural do LEED v4.1 seguem a Opção 1 (sDA300/50% e ASE1000,250).","conf":"medium","conf_label":"Média","conf_color":"#f2c94c","why":"Vários valores de norma foram lidos de resumos públicos ou projetos de emenda, não dos textos completos da ABNT; o resultado LEED é uma pré-avaliação indicativa, não uma certificação."}],"software":{"Python":"3.11.9","NumPy":"2.4.6","pandas":"3.0.6","pvlib":"0.16.1","trimesh":"5.1.1","Embree (embreex)":"4.4.0","IfcOpenShell":"0.9.0","Shapely":"2.2.0","Numba":"0.68.0","Matplotlib":"3.11.2","SciPy":"1.17.1","EnergyPlus":"26.2.0","Radiance":"6.0.2","OpenFOAM":"v2312 (Docker)"},"references":[["pvlib python: a Python package for modeling solar energy systems (Holmgren, Hansen, Mikofski, JOSS 2018)","https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.00884"],["PVGIS typical meteorological year (European Commission JRC)","https://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvg_tools/en/"],["Climate.OneBuilding.Org: TMYx weather files","https://climate.onebuilding.org"],["Embree ray-tracing kernels (Intel)","https://github.com/embree/embree"],["IfcOpenShell: open-source IFC toolkit","https://ifcopenshell.org"],["Numba: JIT compiler for Python","https://numba.pydata.org"],["ASHRAE Standard 55: thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy (adaptive comfort model)","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/standards-and-guidelines"],["ABNT NBR 15575 (Residential buildings - performance) and NBR 15220 (Thermal performance of buildings)","https://www.abntcatalogo.com.br"],["EN 17037: Daylight in buildings","https://standards.cencenelec.eu"],["Radiance Synthetic Imaging System (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)","https://www.radiance-online.org"],["CIE 171:2006 Test cases to assess the accuracy of lighting computer programs","https://cie.co.at/publications/test-cases-assess-accuracy-lighting-computer-programs"],["EnergyPlus (US Department of Energy, NREL)","https://energyplus.net"],["ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140: Standard method of test for the evaluation of building energy analysis computer programs","https://www.ashrae.org/technical-resources/bookstore/standard-140"],["Perez et al. (1993): all-weather model for sky luminance distribution","https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-092X(93)90017-I"],["EnergyPlus AirflowNetwork and surface-averaged wind pressure coefficients of Swami and Chandra (1987), EnergyPlus Engineering Reference","https://energyplus.net/documentation"],["ABNT NBR 15575-1:2021 section 11.4 (thermal performance by simulation) and its public amendment draft (LabEEE, March 2021)","https://labeee.ufsc.br/sites/default/files/documents/P_ABNTNBR15575_1_2020CNGPR_PosCN_SiteLabEEE.pdf"],["OpenFOAM v2312 (OpenCFD / ESI Group), computational wind engineering with RANS k-epsilon","https://www.openfoam.com"],["ANSI/IES LM-83-23: sDA and ASE","https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/iesna/ansiieslm8323"],["USGBC LEED v4.1 Daylight credit (Option 1: simulation)","https://leeduser.buildinggreen.com/credit/CI-v4.1/EQc7"],["AIVC: air infiltration reduction by weatherstripping retrofits","https://www.aivc.org/resource/reduction-air-infiltration-due-window-and-door-retrofits-older-home"],["WHO Housing and Health Guidelines (2018)","https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241550376"],["EN 1991-1-4: Eurocode 1, wind actions (table 7.1, pressure coefficients of vertical walls of rectangular buildings)","https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu"]],"labels":{"software":"Software utilizado","modules":"Etapas de cálculo e a confiança em cada uma","refs":"Referências","conf":"Confiabilidade","why":"Por quê"},"engines":[{"key":"radiance","name":"Radiance","version":"6.0.2","logo":"assets/logos/radiance.png","url":"https://www.radiance-online.org","role":"Luz natural: sDA, ASE, LEED (LM-83)"},{"key":"energyplus","name":"EnergyPlus","version":"26.2.0","logo":"assets/logos/energyplus.png","url":"https://energyplus.net","role":"Calor, energia e NBR 15575 (PHFT)"},{"key":"openfoam","name":"OpenFOAM","version":"v2312 (Docker)","logo":"assets/logos/openfoam.png","url":"https://www.openfoam.com","role":"CFD do vento: pressão nas aberturas"}]}}}